Why are synthetic vitamins and minerals added to dog and cat food?
To reach the “complete and balanced” label governed by AAFCO, pet food companies must prove that their foods contain certain levels of specific nutrients. Simply put, there are not enough nutrients in processed foods to prevent disease. Nutrients are lost in the heat processing of commercial pet food. AAFCO offers a prescriptive list of synthetic nutrients that can be added to pet foods to meet the “complete and balanced” requirement.
There are two ways to prove a food meets these standards. The first requires extensive testing on the nutritional content of the finished food and further testing to prove biological availability to the animal. This process, while the most accurate, is also expensive. The second option simply requires adding a predetermined amount of synthetic nutrients to the recipe. This method is used by almost all dry and wet food producers and is the cheapest and easiest option.
Even though a food is labeled as “natural,” the required statement “with added vitamins and minerals” is added because the vitamins and minerals are synthetic.
How are synthetic vitamins and minerals made?
Synthetic nutrients in pet foods are used as replacements for naturally occurring vitamins and minerals. Most of these compounds are lab-created by reacting organic or inorganic substances with acids, bases, or other reducing compounds. For example, the synthetic version of the amino acid Lysine, called L-Lysine monohydrochloride, is made by reacting ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and mercaptaldehyde – poisons if ingested in their raw form. When making a synthetic nutrient, a shelf-stable form of the element is created, and these forms look very different from the natural state of the nutrient.
The form of the synthetic nutrient can make a difference in the formulation. For example, calcium is added to foods most commonly as calcium carbonate or calcium citrate. The latter is absorbed more easily but only contains 21% calcium. The former contains much more calcium but very little of it is absorbed by the body. And both types are affected by the other nutrients they’re consumed with. Without sufficient testing, it is hard to know exactly how much calcium your pet is receiving and assimilating from their processed food.
What are the most common vitamins and minerals added to commercially manufactured pet food?
What are the disadvantages of using synthetic vitamins?
When ingesting synthetic vitamins through food, there are several disadvantages for the animal. None of the problems listed below occur with vitamins derived from whole foods.
How can I avoid synthetic vitamins in my pet’s food?
To completely avoid synthetic additives, making your own dog food at home is your best bet. There are many free recipes and classes available on our website that guide you through the process of complete and balanced home cooking. Adding back missing vitamins and minerals with supplements is another option but be sure that the supplements you choose are not made with synthetic versions. Raw food is your best bet for additive-free food in the commercial category. READ THE LABELS! Many of these diets contain some synthetic vitamins or minerals to fill the gaps that where whole food ingredients don’t provide enough. Another option is to add nutrient toppers that are made with 100% whole-food, nutrient-dense ingredients. Because kibble requires heat and pressure processing that destroys nutrients, it is very difficult to find dry dog food that hasn’t been fortified with synthetic vitamins. You are much more likely to
find these options in the freeze-dried and air-dried versions of food. Not all of these are free of synthetic vitamins and minerals, but all contain far more natural nutrients than kibble.
At best, synthetic nutrients allow dog food companies to meet the bare minimum for nutritional quality. At worst, they impart dangerous side effects and leave your dog deficient in essential vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. It will likely be pet owner education and consumer demand that will cause the industry to produce pet diets without these toxic vitamin and mineral additions. As manufacturers realize there is a consumer need and a willingness to purchase high-quality products made from whole foods and natural vitamins and minerals, they will respond by investing their billions in making higher quality and safer products.
Responsible pet owners will continue to seek out the latest nutritional information and support companies that ethically produce food. The solution to pet food safety and nutrition is not in the laboratory…” better living through chemistry” does not apply when it comes to pet food. Mother Nature knows best!
What are the components of a pet food label?
The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) is the federal regulatory body responsible for pet food labels. Federal law requires the following information on pet food labels:
In addition to Federal regulations, certain states have additional labeling requirements including:
Besides federal and state requirements for pet food labeling, the pet food companies may add additional labeling. For example, a pet food using “beef” as their primary protein may add a graphic of a piece of steak on the front of the bag. Such pictures can be very misleading and are a marketing ploy used to entice customers into purchasing their food.
What information is provided in the Guaranteed Analysis?
The guaranteed analysis is a listing of the macronutrients in the pet’s food. It is important to know how to interpret the guaranteed analysis and understand how it relates to high-quality nutrition.
100% - (% crude protein + % fat + % crude fiber) = % carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are added to provide a pet with vitamins, minerals, and fiber that they cannot receive from meat, fruits, or vegetables. High carbohydrate diets are not recommended. The percentage of carbohydrates should be lower than protein and fat.
What are good versus questionable or toxic ingredients?
An ingredient list can read like an encyclopedia of long, scientific words. These are ingredients that are highly processed and lab-created and should be avoided as much as possible. If you must look up the definition of an ingredient, chances are it is not the best choice for pet food.
For meat/protein: If the ingredients label does not fully describe the type of meat or protein, contact the manufacturer, and inquire about the sourcing. If they are not transparent about their sourcing, move on to another company. This information helps you to “read between the lines” of the label. For example, an ingredient listed as “chicken” could be flesh and skin, or with bone, or even a whole carcass with or without feathers. Keep a look-out for the following terms:
For dietary fats: Healthy fats are necessary for good nutrition, and various oils are added to commercial dog food to provide essential fatty acids, such as Omega-3 and Omega-6. The balance of these essential fatty acids is important. Since meat proteins have a higher Omega-6 profile, look for foods that add oils with higher Omega-3 fatty acids. Examples include flax seed oil, coconut oil, wild-caught cod liver oil, and wild-caught salmon oil.
For carbohydrates: In addition to fruits and vegetables, look for higher quality grains such as oats, barley, and quinoa. A diet high in grains is not optimal for cats and dogs, as it can lead to diabetes, obesity and other diseases related to obesity. Beware of the following low-quality grains:
For vitamins and minerals: When whole foods in proper proportions are used in commercial pet foods, the addition of synthetic vitamins and minerals is unnecessary. For manufacturers to add a “complete and balanced” label to their packaging, synthetic vitamins and minerals are added. Synthetic versions of vitamins and minerals are also the easiest and cheapest way to meet
government standards. Because these nutrients are not always identical to the forms found in nature, the body can’t utilize them the same. The addition of organic chelating agents, like amino acids, can increase the absorption of minerals in the body. Some of the most common synthetic vitamins and minerals found in pet food include:
For other chemical additives: Chemical additives are used to stop bacterial spoilage and maintain desired color, texture, and flavor. The following ingredients are some of the more common chemical additives in pet food and should be avoided:
As a pet owner, it is up to you to learn how to read labels and understand exactly what you are putting in the bowl. Not everyone has the time, expertise, or money to make their own food, buy raw food, or buy the highest quality food available. But everyone CAN take the time to learn to read labels. Do your research! It could save your pets from sickness or even death.
For more information, check out the following blogs:
What's Really In Your Pets' Food? Don't Be Fooled By Packaging Terms
]]>What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common heart disease for dogs, second only to valvular heart disease. DCM is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes thin and ineffective at pumping blood, resulting in a very enlarged or dilated heart. Historically, DCM has been considered an inherited disease, found commonly in breeds such as Great Danes, Dobermans, Boxers, Irish Wolfhounds, Cocker Spaniels, and Newfoundlands (and now Golden Retrievers).
Symptoms include panting, lethargy, coughing, lack of appetite, bloated abdomen, and collapse. Unfortunately, all these signs often occur late in the progression of the disease. Diagnosis is made using electrocardiograms, radiographs, and echocardiography.
Why are grain-free diets thought to be the culprit?
In 2018, veterinarians noticed an increasing number of dogs showing signs of DCM that were not breeds traditionally known to be at risk. In many of these cases, low taurine levels were found. Theories began popping up…is the problem low taurine? Low taurine absorption? Interference with taurine production?
Taurine is an amino acid found in meat that is important for normal functioning of heart muscle. In July 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began their investigation. They worked in partnership with the Pet Food Institute, a lobbying group. Its members are people in the pet food industry, representing corporations like Mars, Nestle-Purina, Smucker’s, and Royal Canin. (Can you say, “conflict of interest?”)
The FDA found 16 dog food manufacturers that had ten or more cases of DCM associated with their food. More than 90% of the diets were “grain-free” and 93% of the diets contained peas or lentils. This supposition was quickly communicated as fact, and veterinarians began advising clients to stop feeding grain-free diets and switch to a product with grains. But why? Since grains do not contain taurine, feeding grain is not the solution to the problem. Unfortunately, the veterinary community has bought into this rhetoric, often recommending a return to poor quality, grain-filled, low-meat diets for dogs.
Other theories….
On June 27, 2019, the FDA released an updated list of dogs affected by DCM. Of the 305 dogs listed, 73% were breeds with known genetic predisposition for DCM. Also, 61% of the dogs had other diseases which may have contributed to cardiac disease, including hypothyroidism, Lyme disease, and mitral valve degeneration. It is impossible to implicate specific types of dog food as being a causative factor when the data is already skewed. Furthermore, when the FDA report is broken down into which pet food manufacturers made the called-out diets, 49% of the brands listed were made by one of the six largest pet food manufacturers in North America. Despite this fact, veterinarians and the FDA incriminated smaller pet food manufacturers, resulting in huge losses in revenue and jobs for many of those companies.
In 2020, a review of the current literature (1) revealed faults within DCM studies in dogs, including sampling bias, inconsistencies in sampling parameters, too many variables, and lack of complete data for case studies on DCM and known genetic predisposition in certain dog breeds. Small sample sizes and overrepresentation of breeds are commonplace in recent DCM studies.
In 2021, Tufts University and fellow researchers published a study (2) comparing diets associated with DCM and diets not associated with DCM. They found that the inclusion of peas represented the greatest difference between the two diets. The results further indicated that peas were also associated with higher and lower concentrations of certain compounds compared to the diets not associated with DCM. Unfortunately, the relationship between these compounds and DCM is unknown, and future research will be required.
In 2023, two studies with contradictory findings were published. The first study (3) concluded that changing from a “nontraditional” diet (one containing legumes and potatoes) to a “traditional” one improved survival time in 91 dogs of breeds that do not have a genetic predisposition to DCM. In another study (4) , funded by Champion Pet Foods, the results stated that legumes and potatoes may not be responsible. This study tracked Siberian Huskies eating 45% of whole “pulse ingredients” (the category of plants that includes peas, lentils, chickpeas, and dry beans) in a grain-free diet showed no indications of DCM-like heart issues over the course of the study. While Siberian Huskies do not have a genetic predisposition to DCM, the study lasted only 20 weeks. In these studies, “traditional” diets are “big pet food kibble,” loaded with “meal” products, GMO grains like corn, synthetic vitamins, preservatives, and other potentially dangerous additives. While this food may prevent DCM, they can create a myriad of other health problems.
…but no conclusions!
From 2021 to 2022 sales of grain-free dog foods fell by $60 million. Meanwhile, grain-inclusive sales spiked in 2019 and rose by $700 million from 2020 to 2021. On February 6th, 2023, a class action lawsuit was filed against Hill's Pet Food, , the Morris Animal Foundation, the Mark Morris Institute, Dr. Lisa Freeman (Tufts University), Dr. Joshua Stern (UC Davis), and Dr. Darcy Adin (Florida) and others claiming all were involved in "an egregious, wide-ranging, and damaging campaign of coordinated, for-profit, faux-scientific misinformation by a large corporation" to make veterinarians and pet owners (falsely - per the lawsuit) believe grain-free pet foods were dangerous, linked to canine heart disease."
Hill's Pet Food has close ties with the veterinary community, due in part to funding of teaching positions at veterinary colleges. The lawsuit provides detail after detail to how the Defendants allegedly fabricated the entire grain-free pet food link to canine heart disease scheme.
“Primary” DCM is the term used to describe the diagnosis in dogs genetically prone to the disease. “Secondary” DCM is the term used to describe diet-related diagnoses in breeds not traditionally prone to DCM. Researchers still don’t know exactly what is causing secondary DCM, but they’ve made progress. At first, grain-free diets were blamed, but further investigation revealed some grain-free diets seem to have no ill effects. More often, the affected dogs have been eating commercial grain-free diets that contain pulses. Peas are the most-implicated pulse, although this could simply be because they are also the most used. Soybeans, a common ingredient in dog food, have not been associated with secondary DCM. It’s possible that potatoes and sweet potatoes may be involved, but they were in fewer of the grain-free diets evaluated. Could the disease be caused because the protein quality is poor or are the legumes and potatoes somehow interfere with the uptake and manufacturing of taurine within the body? The exact mechanism for heart failure and the true relationship to grain-free food is unknown and is all speculation at this point.
In the meantime…
The AKC Canine Health Foundation (CHF) continues to fund research into this perplexing problem, with CHF-funded studies ongoing at several institutions. One CHF-funded study has partnered with investigators at the University of Florida, Tufts University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the University of California, Davis, to screen for DCM in a large population of dogs with no clinical signs of heart disease, focusing specifically on Whippets, Golden Retrievers, Doberman Pinschers, and Miniature Schnauzers. They are comparing ultrasound findings, plus concentrations of blood biomarkers and taurine, and they’re recording each dog’s diet history. The study began in 2019 and will end in March 2024.
Stay tuned…
What is needed are independent labs and scientists studying the problem. In the end, it comes down to funding for research. Studies involving multiple breeds and larger sample groups are warranted to better understand if relationships exist between potential etiologies (such as diet) and the development of DCM for the overall dog population. As of right now, I personally believe the lawsuit will prove that this was a huge hoax perpetrated by a large group of individuals.
1 https://academic.oup.com/jas/article/98/6/skaa155/5857674?searchresult=1&login=false
2 https:// https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94464-2
3 https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/261/7/javma.23.01.0025.xml
4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316623355007?via%3Dihub
As we head into the last month of 2023, there is a lot of information – and unfortunately panic – about a new and mysterious respiratory tract illness in dogs that is spreading across the United States. This blog will explain what we do know about this illness and provide suggestions for what food and supplementation can be used to boost the immune system, with the goal of (1) reducing risk in getting the disease, and (2) supporting a dog that has been infected.
What do we know about this mysterious respiratory illness?
As of the writing of this blog, we are yet to have clarity around the origin of the disease. The specific organism causing the disease is not yet known. The illness behaves very differently from other more common respiratory diseases like kennel cough (Bordetella), and canine flu. Diagnostic labs in New Hampshire, Washington State, and New York (Cornell University) are trying to determine if the organism is viral, bacterial, or mycoplasma (bacteria that specifically targets the lungs). The disease is not yet considered an epidemic; however, it is likely that it will spread as respiratory diseases are airborne and highly contagious. Outbreaks are currently in “pockets” (New England, Pacific Northwest, Illinois, and Georgia). It is not responsive to traditional antibiotics that are used for pneumonia and other common respiratory illnesses. Most respiratory diseases in dogs have viral origins, and antibiotics are generally not justified. However, an older antibiotic, Chloramphenicol, seems to be more effective than other antibiotics. Chloramphenicol has a slight anti-viral effect and a good anti-bacterial effect, but it is not a regularly used antibiotic. Veterinarians are reluctant to prescribe it because it can cause bone marrow suppression in humans (rarely in dogs).
Senior dogs, and dogs with compromised immune systems, cardiac disease, and compromised respiratory function (i.e. laryngeal paralysis, collapsing trachea) are most at risk for contracting the disease. Some healthy dogs have had the disease, but “healthy” can be subjective. A “healthy” dog may show no outward signs of immune system dysfunction until a mysterious illness begins to spread. Strengthening and supporting the immune and respiratory systems is key to reducing risk for any dog.
What foods strengthen the immune system?
What supplements strengthen the immune system?
From a Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) perspective, what foods strengthen the respiratory system?
In TCVM, the lungs (respiratory system) and large intestine are ruled by the metal element. In TCVM, the lungs are the organs most susceptible to invasion from external pathogens, as the lungs are the first barrier to pathogenic invasion. The season of fall and early winter is the time of year when dogs with weak metal elements contract respiratory diseases. Infectious upper respiratory diseases are among the most common problems diagnosed and treated in small animal practice and shelter medicine. The main disorders seen are nasal congestion or discharge and cough. The main disease processes seen in veterinary medicine include rhinitis, sinusitis, infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough), asthma, and pneumonia.
Lungs like moisture and dislike dryness, which is why the drying effect of wind (air) has detrimental effects on the lung system. Foods that moisturize the lungs are especially important during the winter when the air is dry because of forced-air heating used inside homes, or in dry desert environments with extremely low humidity. Foods that strengthen the respiratory system are called Yin tonics and include:
What treatments, food, and supplements are beneficial for an infected dog?
A bacterial, viral, or mycoplasma infection like the mysterious illness currently making dogs sick is considered “Wind-Heat” in TCVM. Wind-Heat occurs when Wind carries Heat into the body. This pattern can also occur if the Lung Qi (energy) and Wei Qi (body’s protective shield) fail to clear the Wind-Cold pattern. The goal is to stop the pathogens before they can move deeper into the Lungs. Phlegm develops when the fluids become dry, congealed, and solidified (thick, sticky mucus). Resolving Wind-Heat involves clearing heat (inflammation), stopping cough, resolving Phlegm, and eliminating nasal congestion.
Foods that clear heat include turkey, cod, clam, scallop, alligator, rabbit, spinach, asparagus, white radish, honey, and peppermint.
Foods that help resolve Phlegm include clams, pears, ground almonds, Daikon radish, kelp, mustard greens, (cooked) Shiitake mushrooms, and cabbage.
These foods can be added to the regular meal, or a soup or tea can be made from many of the foods listed. For example, a tea can be made by steeping the peel from a pear in water. An herbal tea of honeysuckle flower, hawthorn berry, and honey can be added to the food to activate the immune system. Pineapple soup or tea can also break down phlegm.
If your dog contracts this mysterious illness, he/she may need to be hospitalized, given oxygen, nebulizer treatments, and/or antibiotics. Other alternative therapies that can be used on their own or in conjunction with prescriptions from your veterinarian include:
Raw feeding may continue if your dog will tolerate it; however, stews and soups rich in the foods mentioned above can be comforting and healing for your dog. It will keep them hydrated and help them to feel better. If your dog is suffering from congestion, you can put them in a bathroom while a steamy hot shower is running to help break up congestion. Coupage is a technique that can be performed by pet owners to help clear secretions from the lungs and is performed by striking the chest gently but firmly on either side with cupped hands.
Whether or not your dog becomes infected with this illness, my best advice is to not panic. Use common sense, and make sure your dog’s immune system is strong. Moisturize (humidify) the air in your home and stay away from events where large groups of dogs are present, particularly indoors where ventilation may be poor. If there is an outbreak in your area, or if you live in a state with an outbreak, you will want to avoid doggie daycare, grooming appointments, and other situations where many dogs are kept indoors in enclosed areas that lack good ventilation. Until we learn more about this mysterious illness, keeping your pet safe and healthy through excellent nutrition is the best preventative medicine.
Avoid over-vaccination and stress which will compromise the immune system. Vaccinating for kennel cough and influenza will not have any effect at preventing this new disease.
]]>Meningitis is the term used to describe an inflammation of the meninges, the protective outer membranes that cover the spinal cord, and central nervous system. “Meningoencephalitis” is the term used to describe an inflammation of the brain and its lining. Meningitis is a serious disease and requires diagnosis and treatment as soon as possible. Meningitis can occur from several potential causes, both infectious and non-infectious.
What are the types of meningitis?
Infectious meningitis can be caused by a number of infections, including those of bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal (parasitic) origin. The infection usually begins elsewhere in the body and spreads to the central nervous system via the sinuses, the inner ear, the vertebrae, or traumatic injuries such as a bite wound. Toxins or autoimmune diseases that weaken the animal’s natural ability to fight infections may be the cause as well. Infectious meningitis can occur in any age or breed of dog. Meningitis in cats is rare, with the most common cause being feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Cryptococcosis (fungal) and toxoplasmosis (parasitic) infections have also been found in cats.
Meningitis may also be non-infectious in nature, caused by an immune-mediated inflammatory response, in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues. The non-infectious forms, also known as “meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO),” can be broken down into several specific types, some connected to a specific breed of dog.
What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis?
Signs and symptoms vary among dogs and cats. The most common clinical signs of meningitis include:
A dog or cat with meningoencephalitis may show neurologic signs including seizures, depression, balance problems, blindness, pacing, circling, paralysis, and loss of consciousness.
How is meningitis diagnosed?
Early diagnosis and treatment can mean the difference between life and death when an animal is suffering with meningitis. Meningitis is often misdiagnosed as the flu, resulting in a delay in treatment. As testing progresses, your veterinarian may refer you to a veterinary neurologist. Diagnostic procedures include:
How is meningitis treated?
The treatment of meningitis depends on the underlying cause. For example, bacterial and protozoal infections are typically treated with antibiotics. Fluid collected during a spinal (CSF) tap can undergo culture and sensitivity testing to determine which antibiotics are most effective against the bacteria that are present. Steroid-responsive meningitis is treated with steroidal medications. The patient is initially started on a relatively high dose of steroid, with the dose tapered over the first several weeks of treatment. Viral meningitis does not have a medical cure and is treated with supportive care.
There are side effects associated with these treatments. The side effects of steroidal medications such as prednisone include increased thirst and urination, increased appetite, and increased susceptibility to infection. These drugs suppress the immune system, resulting in the animal being susceptible to other infections. Side effects of drugs used to reduce brain swelling (cytosine arabinoside, cyclosporine, azathioprine, leflunomide and procarbazine) include gastrointestinal upset, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney and liver toxicity, as well as blood effects such as low red and white blood cell count, and low platelets.
Regardless of the cause, there are supportive measures that can be employed in the treatment of meningitis.
Incorporating adjutant holistic therapies can be very beneficial in reducing symptoms of meningitis, and in some cases, can shorten the course of the disease. From a Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) perspective, inflammation signals heat in the body. Meningitis is considered a “warm” disease which causes fever and depletes the Yin (cool, liquid) energy in the body. The goal with TCVM treatment of meningitis is to clear the heat. Chinese herbs that reduce inflammation and have antibacterial and antiviral qualities can assist in the management of the disease. Acupuncture treatment can not only help the root cause of meningitis but can also deal with the symptoms many animals experience. Ozone therapy decreases inflammation, activates the immune system by stimulating cytokine production, and inactivates bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Supporting the immune system is critical in the treatment of meningitis. Probiotics, mushrooms, adaptogens, antioxidants, and products containing gut-supporting herbs can be added to a species-appropriate whole-food diet for maximum benefit.
The prognosis for meningitis depends upon the underlying cause. While there is no cure for the various forms of meningitis, management of symptoms is possible in many cases. Infectious meningitis, although rare, can cause death, especially if not diagnosed in its early stages. Meningitis that responds to steroids can have a better prognosis; however, long-term use of steroids can permanently alter the immune system. Unfortunately, certain forms of meningitis, such as those that are necrotizing, are fatal. Overall, the prognosis for meningitis is guarded, even with aggressive treatment. Being familiar with the symptoms of meningitis, especially if your pet has been sick is crucial for his or her chances of survival.
]]>Uveitis is an ocular (eye) disease frequently encountered in animals. Typically, this inflammation occurs due to leaky blood vessels in the iris (the colored portion of the eye). Whether dog, cat, or horse, a diagnosis of uveitis raises concern for underlying systemic disease, and comprehensive diagnostic evaluation is recommended. In dogs, tick-borne diseases, fungal conditions, and cancer are the most common systemic problems that can lead to uveitis. For cats, the most common diseases include feline infectious peritonitis, feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, tick-borne diseases, and cancer. Uveitis can be caused by a one-time event such as trauma to the eye. In these instances, the condition might never happen again and might not create future problems. However, in the recurrent form of the condition, the disease can lead to permanent damage and eventually blindness. This blog will focus on the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prognosis for horses with uveitis.
What is uveitis?
Uveitis is inflammation of the eye’s uveal tract, a layer of tissue that lies between the eye’s outer layer (including the cornea) and its inner layer (the retina) and includes the iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid. This tissue is delicate, and when it’s inflamed, the effects can be painful. The iris sphincter muscle contracts and causes the pupil to close, resulting in a constricted pupil. The ciliary body muscles spasm, creating a great deal of pain. The blood capillaries will become leaky, and that releases proteins and cells, which results in the signs and symptoms of the disease.
What causes uveitis?
Uveitis in horses can occur because of blunt or penetrating eye trauma with or without corneal ulcers. These “single episode” cases are considered easier to treat and the prognosis, if caught in its early stages, is good. Repeated episodes of uveitis are more serious and difficult to treat. The exact cause of the disease is not exactly known, but bacterial (leptospirosis), viral, and parasitic infections have been associated with uveitis and their involvement of the initial inflammatory event is suspected.[1] Recurrent uveitis is a complex autoimmune disease that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The disease tends to increase in severity with repeated episodes. Progression of the disease can result in permanent damage to the structures of the eye.
What is Equine Recurrent Uveitis?
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), also known as moon blindness, is the most common cause of blindness in horses worldwide. It affects 2-25% of horses globally, with 56% of affected horses eventually becoming blind. ERU has been around for a long time. The term “moon blindness” originated in the 1600s when farmers thought the inflammatory episodes were linked to the phases of the moon. This is not the case; however, the disease can wax and wane. ERU can be difficult to manage and currently, there is no cure. ERU is defined as repeated episodes of inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye (the middle layer), involving one or both eyes. Another type of recurrent uveitis, called “insidious uveitis” is characterized by a consistent low-grade inflammation that causes cumulative damage to the eye. Cumulative damage caused by ERU can lead to cataracts, glaucoma, and eventually blindness. Although not all horses that experience a single episode of uveitis will develop ERU, they are at risk for the disease.[2] The disease is more often seen in Appaloosas, who are 8 times more likely to develop ERU than other breeds. The “LP genetic test” can be used to evaluate ERU risk in Appaloosas.
The symptoms of uveitis include:
Graphic courtesy of www.horsejournals.com
What is the treatment for uveitis?
Treatment for uveitis begins with a comprehensive series of diagnostic tests to determine the root of the problem. Diagnosis of a vision problem begins with a complete eye examination. In some cases, referral to a veterinary eye specialist (ophthalmologist) is necessary. Every patient suspected of uveitis should have full bloodwork (CBC and chemistry), urinalysis, and testing that checks for the presence of tick-borne diseases as well as leptospirosis. Additional diagnostics such as chest x-rays, abdominal ultrasound or other disease testing may be recommended.
The treatment goals for single-episode and recurrent uveitis are to reduce inflammation, control pain, and restore balance to the immune system. It is important that episodes of inflammation be detected early so appropriate treatment can be applied and the consequences of inflammation may be reduced. Treatment will take several weeks to months to complete. Conventional treatment options generally include topical and/or systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (like Banamine or Equioxx), corticosteroids, and medications to dilate the pupil (to reduce pain). If the horse is found positive for leptospirosis, a two to four-week course of antibiotics will be prescribed.
Dispensing medication to a horse can be tricky, especially if he/she is experiencing pain. A device called a “sub palpebral lavage catheter” uses a port that is surgically inserted into the horse’s eyelid and attached to the mane. Medication is injected into the port and the medicine is carried through a tube directly onto the eye(s).
Veterinarians may also recommend immune-modulatory medications to suppress the immune reaction going into the eye. Cyclosporine is a common treatment and can also be administered through a sustained-release device. Because many of these treatments will suppress the eye’s immune response, it is important to confirm before treatment that the horse doesn’t have an infection or an ulcer made worse by the treatment. Steroidal treatments require regular checkups with the veterinarian. Unfortunately, use of these drugs is not ideal for long-term use, as they do not help to restore balance to the immune system and in fact, can create an even greater imbalance.
While these treatments are helpful in minimizing inflammation and pain, there are alternative treatments that can support a horse with ERU for the long haul. In Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, the liver is the window to the eye. Your horse may not have liver disease, but ERU is caused when there is heat (inflammation) and stagnation in the liver. The goal of TCVM therapy is to clear the heat from the liver and eyes and remove the stagnation and pain.
This is accomplished with food therapy, acupuncture, and Chinese herbs. Herbs that help move liver qi include ginger, turmeric, and dandelion root. Artichokes can help clear liver heat. These methods provide comfort to the horse while maintaining the vision longer than with conventional medicine. There are a variety of herbal supplements on the market that can bring acute symptoms under control, as well as formulations that address constitutional deficiencies and prevent further ERU episodes.
In ERU, removal of the eye may be the best course of action. Eye removal may be indicated when pain cannot be controlled, or continual flare-ups of the disease make it difficult to administer medication. Eye removal is not a death sentence and doesn’t necessarily mean an end to a horse’s activity. Horses adapt very quickly, and they can live happy lives with only one eye.
Uveitis, particularly ERU, does not need to be a death sentence for a horse. Careful management and treatment can help preserve a horse’s sight longer, and even in cases where an affected eye must be removed, many horses can continue to live largely normal, active lives and even have successful competitive careers.
[1] https://www.horsejournals.com/horse-care/illness-injury/diseases/understanding-equine-vision-and-eye-disease
[2] https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/health-topics/equine-recurrent-uveitis
]]>Horses with winter laminitis often have more advanced disease, or are older, than the general group of Insulin Resistant horses or those diagnosed with PPID (commonly known as Cushing’s disease). From a western medical perspective these horses are the most difficult to treat and misunderstood. From a Chinese medical standpoint these are relatively easy cases to understand and treat.
Looking at the Chinese explanation for what is going on will give us the information we need to understand feeding and treatment. The season of the Kidney meridian is winter, therefore if it is weakened the problems will show up in the wintertime. The Kidney meridian is responsible for the bones, the rear legs, and the adrenal part of the hormonal system. As horses age, the Kidney meridian naturally fades. Horses who have been under a lot of stress in their younger years will have a weaker Kidney meridian at a younger age than those who have not been stressed.
Each horse does have his own pattern of deficiencies, so as with many things in holistic medicine one size does not fit all. A horse can be Kidney Yin and/or Kidney Yang deficient, or Kidney Qi and/or Yin deficient. There are many ways of feeding that are supportive to any of these deficiencies.
Overview of Feeding
The first question to ask yourself is your horse underweight or overweight? If he is overweight, feed restriction and supplementation (see below) to assist with weight loss will be indicated. The most important factor for the overweight horse is that most of the diet be of fiber.
For the underweight horse, it is critically important to provide safe calories, usually in the form of fats or oils along with non-GMO beet pulp or hay pellets. Even with significant laminitis present, the underweight horse can be fed up to a pound of rice bran or a cup of oil two or three times a day. It is optimum to use cold pressed and organic oils, but often this is cost prohibitive. The least processed oil is the best and sometimes you can find rice bran oil that is less processed than what is in the grocery store. Coconut oil can also be used, though it does become a solid in cold weather so might need some special handling to make it easy to feed. Some of these horses tolerate grains such as barley (which is a cooling food from a Chinese perspective).
Sweet feeds should be avoided at all costs as they are inflammatory and most horses with a metabolically based laminitis cannot tolerate sugar.
Higher levels of protein may be needed in some of the horses with loss weight problems, however some horses will lose weight if the protein levels are too high. Horses with severe pain burn a lot of calories and breakdown protein just in an effort to stand and move around.
Forage
It is becoming common knowledge that we must pay attention to the amount of carbohydrates present in the hay. If you have access to your winter’s supply of hay you can have it tested at www.equi-analytical.com. It is very possible to have a moderate to poor looking hay be high in sugar and starch, while a pretty green hay may be much lower. Feeding a hay that is high in sugars and starches can be like feeding a sweet feed. If you have changed your hay and you suddenly notice your horse gaining a bit of weight or becoming cresty, the hay can easily be the culprit. Go to the website www.safergrass.org for information about hay testing and carbohydrate content of forage.
Many, but not all, alfalfa hays are higher in protein and lower in sugars. In some cases alfalfa hay or hay cubes may be helpful as part of the diet. However, alfalfa is often too rich in calories and many horses have food intolerances or allergies to it.
Check Out the Grass
Look around your pasture and see if there is any green present. In the middle part of the country where fescue grows, it looks green in the summer and will be eaten if there is not much else, but it has poor taste. After a couple serious frosts it becomes sweet, has more sugar, tastes great and provides excellent nutrition all winter. Horses can founder on it all winter but after it is grazed down, it does not grow back until spring. In Florida, the Bahia grass is nutritious in the summer, but, though green looking in winter, has little nutritive value. Other local grasses can be variable in their winter nutrient content. Get your local county extension agent to help identify your grasses. Weeds can be high in protein and/or carbohydrates, so if you have those growing in the winter check to see if the horses are eating them.
Chinese Food Therapy
Omega-3 fatty acids are especially important in the treatment of laminitis. Sources include Hemp seed which moistens the intestines to promote bowel movement, is sweet and neutral. Flax and Chia seeds have similar effects. All of these have anti-inflammatory properties and help correct insulin and glucose usage.
Horses that are warm or inflamed or that your acupuncturist has said are Yin deficient need seeds that are cooling. Barley is a cooling food that can be used when horses do need to be fed grain. Or feed barley in exceedingly small quantities to mix with other supplements. Other cooling vegetables can be fed as treats or as primary feeds, such as: alfalfa, amaranth, asparagus, bran, barley grass, broccoli, buckwheat, cantaloupe, cauliflower, celery, citrus, cucumber, eggplant, flax seed (oil), grass, lettuce, millet, pear, peppermint, persimmon, radish, organic soy bean oil, spinach, strawberry, summer squash, tomato, watermelon rind, wheat grass, zucchini.
Horses that are cold or cool inside need foods that are warm. Warming foods include oats if any concentrates are needed. Warming vegetables include: apricot, banana (too sweet for many horses), cherry, cinnamon, coriander, fennel, garlic, ginger, horseradish, kale, kelp, leek, lettuce, mustard greens, oats, olive oil, parsley, parsnip, peach, pumpkin, quinoa, seaweed, sesame seed, spelt, squash, sunflower seeds (may not be as good with the shells) tangerine peel, turmeric, winter squash.
Be creative with your treats by using the lists above. This keeps your horse interested and can support the healing process.
Minerals
One of the most important aspects of any nutritional program for horses is the use of free choice minerals and salt fed separately. Many laminitis horses will eat large quantities of minerals for extended periods of time indicating their need for minerals. Sulfur may be an important nutrient for these horses and can be fed free choice or as MSM in a supplement.
Other Nutrients
The ideal way to enhance antioxidant status is to feed whole foods and whole food extracts. There is evidence that the synergy of multiple antioxidants far surpasses the feeding of a single compound. Whole foods not only have a full complement of antioxidants, but they also have proteins with intrinsic signals that basically tell the compound where to go in the body.
Vitamin C is an excellent antioxidant and nutrient for collagen support as well as organ and immune system healing. Coenzyme Q 10 seems to one of the best antioxidants for use in the horse, especially in cases of laminitis.
Cinnamon is an herb that has received some research and press about its effectiveness in treating Insulin Resistance. Many supplements now contain cinnamon; some contain large amounts. Cinnamon is an extremely warming herb and is indicated for a cold Kidney Yang deficient horse but is contraindicated in a warm Yin deficient horse. Many laminitis cases have some or a lot of internal heat and can be made seriously worse with cinnamon.
Feeding the winter laminitis case can be challenging but with an understanding of what is going on it is possible to really help these horses. It is most helpful to have an acupuncturist or a Chinese herbalist involved. There are excellent Chinese herbal formulas for the different Yin or Yang imbalances in your horse.
Learn more from Dr. Joyce in her course, Horse Longevity.
]]>
What is gastroenteritis and colitis?
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (the stomach and intestines). It is often caused by poor nutrition and low-quality food; however, bacteria, viruses, parasites, and medication side effects can also cause these conditions. Colitis is a medical term that specifically describes inflammation of the colon, or large intestine.
What are the signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis and colitis?
Most cats and dogs with gastroenteritis will have intermittent episodes of vomiting and diarrhea. The vomit may contain bile, a foamy, yellowish substance, especially after emptying the stomach. Tenderness around the abdomen is another sign of gastrointestinal inflammation. Your pet may appear lethargic and have a decreased appetite. A low-grade fever is common. Dehydration can occur quickly if vomiting and diarrhea persist for more than 24 hours.
With colitis, small volumes of semi-formed (or liquid) feces are often seen, along with small amounts of bright red blood passed near the end of defecation. Dogs and cats with colitis will exhibit urgency and need to defecate frequently. Vomiting occurs less often (less than 30%) with colitis and weight loss is rare. The inflammation from colitis results in reduced water absorption and a decreased ability to store feces in the colon.
What are the causes of gastroenteritis and colitis?
The causes of gastroenteritis include:
How are gastroenteritis and colitis diagnosed?
Gastroenteritis is a diagnosis of exclusion. Your veterinarian will perform tests that rule out other conditions. If you suspect gastroenteritis or colitis, note the signs and symptoms, and see your vet within 24 hours of symptom onset. Other critical information includes:
Diagnosis will begin with a complete physical examination, including a temperature check to determine if a fever is present. Additional testing will depend upon the severity and duration of clinical signs, and medical history. These include:
How are gastroenteritis and colitis treated?
The specific treatment will vary depending on test results. Conventional treatment may include:
Natural and holistic remedies are effective in the treatment of gastroenteritis and colitis. Their aim is to get at the root cause of the problem and solve it without synthetic drugs. Managing symptoms can be accomplished with food, herbs, and other alternative therapies such as acupuncture. Gastrointestinal disease has its roots in the diet. From a Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) perspective, highly processed commercial diets can exacerbate the problem by creating dampness and phlegm from the substances in the food that the body cannot use. As energy flow is blocked, friction is released as heat (inflammation). Vomiting occurs when the downward energy is blocked (spleen qi stagnation). Gastroenteritis and colitis that stem from stress and anxiety or from fatty or greasy foods can result in liver qi stagnation.
Natural and holistic remedies include:
The gastrointestinal system is very important in overall health. Approximately 90% of a dog or cat’s immune system resides in the gut. Learn the signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal distress and act quickly to get your pet to your veterinarian if you observe them. Feeding a species-appropriate whole food diet rich in nutrients is essential in the prevention and treatment of gastroenteritis and colitis. Maintaining balance through high-quality food, probiotics, herbs, and mushrooms can help to prevent these conditions from happening in the first place.
]]>
Hypothyroidism is a disease of the endocrine system; it is one of the most common endocrine disorders diagnosed in dogs. The endocrine glands secrete hormones necessary for regulating and maintaining metabolism, hair growth, muscle strength and many other bodily functions. The hormone imbalance created by an underactive thyroid can result in a cascading effect of other endocrine system disorders (i.e., diabetes, Cushing’s disease) as well as neurological problems. This blog explains the probable link between hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and GOLPP (also known as Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy), and provides information on proper diagnostic testing and treatment.
What is Autoimmune Thyroiditis?
Autoimmune Thyroiditis or lymphocytic thyroiditis is a type of hypothyroidism. It is a disease of the thyroid gland caused by the dog's own immune system affecting the production of thyroid hormones which regulate metabolism in the body. In essence, the dog’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland. It is not fatal, but it can have some serious symptoms and there is no cure. Most cases of hypothyroidism occur in older dogs, and of those cases, a small percentage are attributed to autoimmune thyroiditis.
How is Autoimmune Thyroiditis Diagnosed and Treated?
Dogs with autoimmune thyroiditis develop autoantibodies against thyroglobulin, a protein that is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones called T4 and T3. The TgAA test is recommended for detecting this condition. This test, in conjunction with T3, T4, freeT4, AAT3, and AAT4 testing, will check levels of the various thyroid hormones and antibodies against the thyroid gland. Routine laboratory testing only checks T4 levels and is not an accurate test for diagnosing hypothyroidism or autoimmune thyroiditis. Left untreated, thyroid disease may lead to laryngeal paralysis.
Thyroid levels should be closely monitored during treatment. It is important not to under- or over-supplement thyroid hormones. The synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine is often used in treatment. Vitamin A, D, and E supplementation will support the immune system and endocrine function. Vitamin D levels should be tested before giving supplemental vitamin D. Kelp as a source of iodine will support thyroid function. Herbs such as Licorice root, Rehmannia, and Ashwaganda can help maintain hormonal balance. A detailed list of supplements and dosages for hypothyroidism can be found in my book “Keeping Your Pets Naturally Healthy.”
What is Laryngeal Paralysis and GOLPP?
Laryngeal paralysis is a condition in which the cartilages that protect the upper airway fail to open and close properly. There is nothing wrong with the cartilages themselves, but paralysis occurs due to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and/or vagus nerve not sending a strong signal to the muscle. As a result, the muscle weakens and no longer opens the larynx effectively. Sometimes, one cartilage is involved, and in other circumstances, it is both.
Laryngeal paralysis can be congenital or acquired. Congenital laryngeal paralysis in dogs most often affects Huskies, Bouviers des Flanders, and Rottweilers. Acquired laryngeal paralysis is more commonly diagnosed. Breeds predisposed to this condition include Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, Newfoundlands, Greyhounds, and Brittany Spaniels. A dog with autoimmune thyroiditis is at risk for developing laryngeal paralysis. However, treating autoimmune thyroiditis does not also treat laryngeal paralysis.
Symptoms of laryngeal paralysis include changes in the dog’s bark, high-pitched noisy breathing (stridor) which may worsen with exercise or excitement, coughing or gagging, especially when drinking or eating, difficulty inhaling fully, exercise intolerance, increased panting, and respiratory distress. In a dog with this disease, the obstruction of the airway makes cooling difficult and rapid overheating (heat stroke) can occur. Heat and humidity are brutal for dogs with this condition. If you observe any of these changes in your dog, see your veterinarian as soon as possible. Laryngeal paralysis in dogs is one of a handful of true veterinary emergencies.
GOLPP, Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy, was recognized as a distinct disease in 2012 after research showed that many dogs with laryngeal paralysis have a generalized polyneuropathy (damage or disease of multiple nerves). The cause of GOLPP has not been discovered. Senior dogs with geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis polyneuropathy may have:
How is GOLPP Diagnosed and Treated?
Tests used to diagnose GOLPP include:
Supportive therapies for GOLPP include:
Studies show there is strong evidence for a causal relation between hypothyroidism and a variety of neurologic abnormalities including GOLPP; however, further studies are necessary to determine the full spectrum of disorders caused by hypothyroidism. The environment certainly plays a role in the uptick in endocrine disorders. The goal is to minimize exposure to chemicals considered endocrine disruptors. Ways to minimize environmental endocrine disruptors include decreasing or stopping vaccine usage and eliminating use of products containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), dioxins, BPA (in plastics), phthalates (found in laundry detergents and cleaning products), herbicides (glyphosate is a known endocrine disruptor), and pesticides. As always, a healthy species-appropriate whole food diet that is minimally processed will go a long way to supporting your dog’s health.
While autoimmune thyroiditis, laryngeal paralysis, and GOLPP can be stressful diagnoses, there is hope. By knowing the signs, acting quickly, and partnering with your veterinarian, you’re ensuring the best possible outcome for your faithful companion. Changes in your dog’s behavior are always worth mentioning to your veterinarian, no matter how strange or insignificant they may seem.
]]>Mushrooms are adaptogenic, and can be combined together or with other adaptogens like cannabis, astragalus root, and ashwagandha, to synergistically restore equilibrium to the body. Here are some mushrooms for dogs that have numerous benefits:
Renowned for boosting immune cell production, combating infections, and alleviating inflammation, Turkey Tail mushrooms for dogs are immune activators and cancer fighters. This mushroom variety, approved as cancer therapy in Japan, delivers a powerful array of potential benefits.
Often referred to as the "mushroom of immortality," Reishi mushrooms for dogs encompass anti-aging properties, inhibit histamine release, improve cognitive function, and reduce stressors.
Studied extensively for its health-promoting characteristics, Shiitake mushrooms for dogs possess immunomodulatory effects, shield the liver, provide cardiovascular support, and potentially extend survival when coupled with conventional cancer treatments.
Widely cultivated, Maitake mushrooms for dogs potentially lower blood glucose levels, enhance immune function, and offer antioxidant properties, serving as a remedy for arthritis.
Chaga, not a true mushroom but a concentrated mass of mycelium and wood precursor, has been utilized for heart protection, anticancer effects, antihistamine action, antibacterial properties, and free-radical scavenging antioxidants.
Related to Reishi, Artist Conk is an immunomodulator that prevents infections, boasts anti-inflammatory attributes, and aids liver support while curbing further damage.
Red Belted Conk mushrooms for dogs exhibit potent anti-cancer properties, regulate blood sugar, support absorption and elimination, and act as a robust emetic and coagulant.
Termed the "Smart mushroom," Lion’s Mane mushroom for dogs stimulates nerve regeneration, regulates mood, acts as an antibiotic, enhances appetite, and bolsters memory and cognitive function.
Unique for growing on insect hosts, Cordyceps protects kidneys, elevates oxygen uptake, boosts energy, and activates warmth.
Knowing your dog's needs is essential when sourcing the best mushrooms for dogs. Opt for products that blend several mushroom extracts in vegetable glycerin to attain the maximum benefits.
MycoDog mushrooms for dogs are cultivated and wild-harvested in the Pacific Northwest, grown outside, naturally, with no grains or fillers. The carefully formulated mushroom extract and adaptogen tinctures address specific areas of canine health.
Mycodog, a sustainable line of mushroom tinctures for dogs, offers three formulations:
Clarity: Mushrooms for Dogs - Supports cognitive disorders, mental and emotional health, featuring Lion’s Mane, Reishi, Cordyceps, Bacopa Monnieri, and Ashwagandha.
Vitality: Mushrooms for Dogs - Aids dogs dealing with cancer, autoimmune disease, liver issues, and respiratory problems, formulated with Turkey Tail, Reishi, Shiitake, Maitake, Chaga, Artist Conk, Red Belted Conk, Astragalus Root, and Ashwagandha.
Breathe: Mushrooms for Dogs - Benefits the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, containing Cordyceps, Reishi, Artist Conk, Chaga, and Ashwagandha.
Cannabidiol, commonly known as CBD, differs from THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) in that it doesn't induce the psychoactive "high" associated with marijuana use. Instead, CBD for dogs interacts naturally with a dog's endocannabinoid system, restoring balance and offering numerous potential health benefits.
CBD from a full spectrum hemp extract is the best option when choosing a CBD for dogs product, as it retains all the naturally occurring, bioactive compounds. A full spectrum hemp extract cbd for dogs product allows for a potent entourage effect, where all the naturally occurring cannabinoids and terpenes work in harmony, enhancing each other's effects for maximum results.
CBD is remarkably effective at reducing pain and inflammation caused by arthritis in dogs, enhancing their mobility and overall well-being. Full spectrum hemp extract CBD for dogs works to soothe inflammation throughout the body.
A study at Baylor College of Medicine found significant improvements in dogs with Osteoarthritis, who received consistent doses of full-spectrum hemp extract CBD for dogs.
CBD has shown great success in managing seizures for both humans and animals. Studies have indicated that CBD can reduce seizure frequency, offering a safer alternative to antiepileptic medications that may have adverse side effects.
In a recent study, the short-term impact of CBD on seizure frequency was examined in 16 dogs. The results showed that 89 percent of the dogs who received CBD experienced a decrease in the frequency of seizures during the clinical trial. Furthermore, the study found a notable correlation between the reduction of seizures and the concentration of CBD in the bloodstream.
CBD for dogs with cancer has numerous potential benefits, including improving quality of life. Its anti-cancer properties and effects on pain management and nausea provide valuable support during this challenging time.
In 2020, the first groundbreaking study focused on CBD for canine cancer was published. The researchers discovered that CBD had the remarkable ability to inhibit the spread of cancer cells, while also promoting apoptosis (natural cell death) and autophagy (the removal of damaged cell components). This study marks a significant step forward in understanding the potential benefits of CBD for dogs with cancer.
CBD serves as an effective option for anxiety, helping dogs manage stress and negative emotions. CBD interacts with serotonin receptors, promoting emotional balance and calming the central nervous system without the side effects of pharmaceuticals.
In 2019, a study featured in the Permanente Journal revealed that CBD possesses a calming impact on the central nervous system, and it is notably better tolerated compared to alternative psychiatric medications.
Full spectrum hemp extract CBD for dogs can help with Cushing's Disease by restoring hormonal imbalances and inhibiting tumor growth. CBD for dogs can offer a safer alternative to surgical procedures and medications with potential side effects.
CBD for dogs is an excellent option for allergy relief, reducing inflammation and supporting the immune system. Unlike conventional medications that suppress the immune response, CBD encourages a more balanced and targeted approach to allergy relief.
Unlike medications such as Benadryl and Apoquel that suppress immune responses, CBD operates differently by enhancing cellular communication within the immune system. This fosters a more controlled and precise reaction to allergy symptoms.
Topical CBD for dogs is an effective option for dogs with skin conditions, promoting healthy cell growth and inhibiting tumor development. CBD salves for dogs soothe skin irritation and inflammation, providing much-needed relief.
When choosing CBD for dogs, it's crucial to prioritize quality. Seek Full Spectrum Hemp Extract products with a Certificate of Analysis (COA), ensuring the right CBD content and confirming the absence of harmful contaminants.
CBD Dog Health products are made with full-spectrum hemp extract from organically grown hemp, using 100% human and food-grade ingredients, with third-party lab testing on every batch. Full Spectrum Hemp Extract tinctures and salves to benefit every dog, to target and reduce inflammation, manage anxiety, and restore balance to your dog’s body and mind. Embrace the power of CBD for dogs and provide your loyal companion with the best in natural wellness.
]]>What is the gut microbiome?
The microbiome consists of microbes that are both helpful and potentially harmful. Most are symbiotic (where both the animal’s body and microbiota benefit) and some, in smaller numbers, are pathogenic (promoting disease). In a healthy body, pathogenic and symbiotic microbiota coexist without problems. These microbes are foundational to health in that they facilitate proper digestion, produce vitamins and other nutrients, protect the gut lining and support immune system function. The gut microbiome is considered the “second brain” of the body; a whopping 80% of the immune system is found in the microbiome.
All animals need a strong microbiome to get all the nutrients needed from the food they eat. The gut is the “conductor to the symphony” in an animal’s body - it tells all the organs what to do. A gut microbiome becomes imbalanced when it is missing beneficial bacteria, has too many harmful bacteria, or does not have enough diversity in the types of bacteria. A dog or cat could be eating high quality, complete and balanced food and not get all the potential nutrition if the gut is imbalanced.
What causes microbiome imbalance?
Diet plays an essential role. The food and treats you feed your pet can support a balanced gut, or contribute to its imbalance. Highly processed inferior food, especially heat processed kibble, will result in an inferior digestion process. Dogs and cats eating kibble are more prone to inflammation, resulting in metabolic consequences. Lack of diversity in the diet can also play a role in gut imbalance. Your dog or cat should receive most of his nutrients from a fresh, whole food meal plan that contains lots of dietary diversity. Different proteins and plant matter will carry different strains of good bacteria to feed the gut.
Cats, in particular, were not meant to eat anything dry. The cat species originated thousands of years ago in Egypt - a hot, dry climate. Ancient cats received their needed fluid (along with many nutrients) through the blood of their prey. The anatomy of a cat (short intestines) does not lend itself to digestion of dry food. Cats who eat kibble, even though they drink water, will suffer from gut and kidney disorders.
Medication – The most common veterinary-related cause of bacterial imbalances in pets is the use of drugs that disrupt the microbiome, including the continual use of anti-inflammatories (both steroidal and nonsteroidal), the routine application or ingestion of flea/tick pesticides, chemotherapy drugs, and of course, overuse of antibiotics. A recent “State of the Gut” survey shows that only 50% of pet parents were aware that antibiotics had an impact on gut health. The database in this study found that one in three dogs and one in seven cats – both symptomatic and asymptomatic – had unhealthy levels of E. coli in their fecal microbiome sample, and that these animals were likely to have prior exposure to antibiotics and to experience chronic diarrhea.[1] Even occasional use of antibiotics can cause chronic microbiome imbalance and inflammation. When antibiotics are prescribed, they kill bad bacteria in the body, but they also kill many of the beneficial bacteria that live in the gut, on the skin, and in the respiratory tract.[2] Examples of infections that proliferate from antibiotic misuse include those of the skin, urinary tract, and respiratory system.[3]
Stress in both the pet and the pet parent plays a large role in gut health. Our pet’s emotions are very closely correlated to our own. Stress primarily affects the vagus nerve and sets off the “fight or flight” response in an animal. Energy needed for digestion is shifted to other systems to support a stressed animal. It is important for pet parents to take care of themselves before they take care of others.
What are symptoms of an imbalance in the gut?
The more common signs and symptoms include constipation, diarrhea, vomiting or regurgitation, increased and/or worse smelling flatulence, excessive drooling, reduced appetite, weight loss, blood, or mucus in the stools. Your dog or cat may be living with a gut imbalance and not show any outward signs and symptoms. Leaky gut, or dysbiosis, occurs when inflammation in the gut results in pathogens being released from the gut through the cells in the now permeable gut lining. The body will consider these pathogens foreign and try to attack them. Symptoms of leaky gut include itching and allergies, food intolerances, irritable bowel disease (IBD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Untreated dysbiosis can also result in yeast overgrowth, acid reflux, histamine intolerance, and mast cell tumors.
How can I restore gut microbiome balance in my dog or cat?
Probiotics are live microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when consumed. Probiotics should be given daily and rotated on a regular basis. Even when feeding a raw or gently cooked healthy organic diet, our pets are continually exposed to environmental toxins and the resulting stress will create a gut imbalance. The food we eat today is void of certain vitamins and minerals, and the nutrient profile will depend on the soil it was grown in. Different commercial probiotics will contain different strains of good bacteria. Probiotics that are compounded specifically for dogs and cats, as well as products containing wild strains of good bacteria are highly recommended. Product rotation will increase the diversity of good bacteria in the gut. Indoor cats especially need a probiotic for gut health. Cats in the wild get their good bacteria from natural sources by eating bugs and grass. Raw dairy products such as goat milk are an excellent source of probiotics, in that they contain beneficial bacteria passed from the animal.
Cat and dog owners, while interested in the gut health of their pets, often find it challenging to navigate the wealth of information that is available. Maintaining gut health in your pet is as simple as feeding them a species-appropriate whole food diet (including treats), limiting the use of medications including antibiotics and flea & tick products, reducing stress, and minimizing exposure to toxic chemicals. These actions form the foundation of a proactive plan to keep our pets thriving with a balanced and healthy gut microbiome.
[1] www.animalwellnessmagazine.com/your-dog-and-cats-gut-health-microbiome-why-its-so-important/
[2] https://drjudymorgan.com/blogs/blog/overuse-of-antibiotics?_pos=1&_sid=909757dde&_ss=r
[3] https://drjudymorgan.com/blogs/blog/is-your-veterinarian-over-prescribing-antibiotics?_pos=2&_sid=909757dde&_ss=r
]]>"Until one has loved an animal, a part of one's soul remains unawakened." – Anatole France. As a pet owner, there's nothing quite like the unconditional love and companionship you get from your furry friend. However, with this innocence comes an inherent risk of harm in situations where their safety is not taken into consideration. In other words, it is important to highlight that some harmless household products can be toxic to dogs and exploring them is crucial to put your dog's life out of danger.
The Hillsborough Incident and the Case of Pets Ingesting Toxic Substances
It was a close call for the six Hillsborough Park rescue team dogs and their handlers, who had gone on an unsuspecting walk. Little did anyone know that some seemingly innocent household items – chocolate, almonds and grapes – posed new dangers to their furry friends. Fortunately for these canines, the experienced handlers with them noticed something amiss almost immediately and acted quickly. BBC reported that the handlers realized that piles of the potentially harmful food had been left by someone at this Tampa forest park and rushed their four-legged companions away from it. While three were family pets belonging to personal trainers in the search and rescue unit (SAR), two others were part of SAR's emergency response canine pack. The story could have ended tragically but thankfully, due to quick thinking along with prompt action taken by these alert animal handlers, all six pups made it safely into the arms of a nearby veterinarian clinic where they were given induced vomiting as emergency treatment measures respectively. Two dogs ate more than the others, so they had undergone additional procedures; otherwise, all showed signs of recovery which meant a job well done to everyone involved.
The Potential Dangers of Essential Oils and Plant Fertilizers for Dogs
Essential oils are potent liquids made from plants that have been used for medicinal or spiritual purposes throughout history, and now many folks use them as an alternative healing method. But medicine for humans isn't meant for canine companions - the same goes for essential oils– their bodies process chemicals differently than humans, so they're more prone to toxicity. Pet Poison Helpline highlights that common essential oil toxicities seen in dogs include Melaleuca (tea tree) Oil, Pennyroyal Oil, Oil of Wintergreen and Pine Oils – if ingested any one of these substances could cause vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea and even death in extreme cases. The effects can also occur through dermal application - so it's best to keep all Essential Oils far away from curious noses or tongues. Essential oil products made for pets by reputable companies may contain oils such as tea tree in amounts proven safe. Moving on to plant fertilizer toxins — many brands contain nutrients too strong for little bellies that might lead to serious complications if consumed. Even if your pup doesn't go near the gardens themselves — certain fertilizers can be found around the yard since most organic kinds will wash down due to waterproofing systems after a storm or heavy rain showers.
Understanding the Risks of Glue and Adhesives for Dogs
Diisocyanate glue commonly known as Gorilla Glue®, which when ingested and mixed with stomach fluid/acid expands rapidly and consequently forms an immense foam that can cause obstruction in the canine stomachs. Symptoms related to ingestion typically include drooling, throwing up food, hesitance towards meals, puffed out abdominal area as well expulsion attempts due to mild-moderate pain. These cases often require surgical removal of said obstruction matter upon discovery of said ailment symptoms. Research from Petplace states that data shows there's been an increase of over 300% concerning polyurethane glue consumption by canines coincidences. Vomiting episodes, loose stool problems and general listlessness are some outcomes after said contact or intake with this chemical agent subject to hazardous fraction recognition by healthcare authorities.
Essential Guidelines for Dealing with a Toxic Ingestion in Your Dog
If you've already identified the substance as toxic, contact your veterinarian or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center 24-hour hotline at (888) 426-4435 right away. It is important to provide as much information about the toxin and how it entered your dog's system to allow for appropriate treatment. Your veterinarian might ask questions like What was ingested? How much was consumed? When did ingestion occur? Answering these questions will help them quickly assess the situation and create a plan of action to protect your pup from further harm. It is also important to take preventative measures in order to keep potentially harmful household items out of reach from your dog - just remember that there are pet-safe alternatives both inside and outside your home. Additionally, be mindful when cooking around, dropping food items that could lead your pooch into some trouble such as chocolates or grapes/raisins. Above all else, avoid giving any home remedy without consulting a veterinary professional first.
Some household items that might seem harmless enough at first glance but should definitely pose a serious risk to our furry friends. Taking precautions now could prevent any horrible health complications down the line — so always be extra aware and cautious about what's going on around your pup.
Guest post submitted by Chrissy Jones
]]>What is gallbladder disease in dogs and cats?
The gallbladder, in conjunction with the liver and pancreas, make up the biliary system of the animal. This system is integral in digestion and waste disposal. While the pancreas produces enzymes that help break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats, the gallbladder is a small, sac-like organ that collects, concentrates, and transports bile. Produced by the liver, bile is needed to help digest fats and vitamins, as well as to help excrete waste matter from the body. If the gallbladder is not able to function properly, bile may back up, causing gallbladder disease and possibly gallbladder rupture.
Bile and bile flow are important in the biliary and digestive system of your dog or cat. Bile, with its high pH, is essential in neutralizing stomach acid as food makes its way through the digestive tract. Bile has an important immune system function – it has antifungal and antibiotic properties, killing fungus and bacteria present in the small intestine. If the flow of bile slows down in the digestive system, bile thickening called “sludging” can occur. Bile sludging creates bile deficiency which in turn creates indigestion, acid reflux and ulcers because bile is not sufficient to pass into the small intestine.
Which dogs and cats are at higher risk for gallbladder disease?
Gallbladder disease can occur in almost every breed of dog, including mixed breeds. In general, however, older female dogs have an increased risk for gallbladder problems. High risk breeds include Shetland sheepdogs, Cocker spaniels, Miniature schnauzers, and Chihuahuas. Gallbladder inflammation can occur in cats of any breed or age and is equally likely to occur in males or females. Certain diseases such as Cushing’s Disease and hypothyroidism can increase the risk for gallbladder problems.
What are the symptoms of gallbladder disease in dogs and cats?
Dogs and cats with mild forms of gallbladder disease can be asymptomatic. Outward signs of gallbladder problems include gastro-intestinal (GI) upset, vomiting, abdominal pain and/or distension, lethargy, diarrhea, poor appetite, and jaundice (skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes turn yellow due to a build up of bilirubin in the body.)
What types of gallbladder disease are most prevalent in dogs and cats?
What preventative measures can I take to keep my pet’s gallbladder and biliary system in balance?
The liver is the detoxifying organ in the body and as part of the biliary system, liver problems will flow to the bile ducts, gallbladder and pancreas. Gallbladder disease can occur when the liver has been injured through use of pesticides, medications, and toxic food. Some ways to keep the liver and gallbladder in balance include:
Dogs and cats can live without a gallbladder, but taking preventative measures will ensure that your pet may never have to experience this type of surgery. Gallbladder removal also requires careful post-surgical monitoring for the life of the pet. Know the signs of gallbladder problems, monitor your pet regularly, and call your veterinarian if you notice any symptoms. Never skip the annual exam and if your dog or cat is at higher risk for gallbladder disease, have them checked at least twice annually.
]]>Pet choking comes in many different forms. The most common form is an obstruction in the pet’s airway. An object can be wedged in the larynx or mouth resulting in a partial or total obstruction of the airway. Other objects may have passed the windpipe, only to be wedged in the esophagus. Dogs and cats choke from items (like collars, cords and strings) around their necks. In their struggle to free themselves, they can pull these items even tighter and cut off their airway.
There may be complications after a choking incident. A secondary phenomenon due to the pressure changes in the thoracic cavity during and after a choking incident can result in non-Cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Fluid will build outside the alveoli (sacs where air is exchanged in the lungs) resulting in a compromised exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The integrity of the vascular membrane in the lungs is disrupted due to leaking vessels and fluid shifts because of the pressure changes. Conventional therapy for this problem relies on oxygen support. In addition to oxygen, integrative medicine uses alternative therapies such as Chinese herbs to provide support and promote healing.
What are the risk factors for pet choking?
Choking is a risk for any dog or cat. It is important to safeguard your home and supervise your pets when eating their food or treats, as well as playing with toys. The danger increases when there are multiple dogs in a home, especially if there is competition for toys or treats. Dogs of different sizes can also pose a risk. A combination of cats and dogs in the home can also present a potential for choking. Cats may not chew on things that your dog might, but they can knock items to the floor while playing. The item might just be interesting enough for your dog to chew and attempt to eat. Animals with preexisting conditions such as heart disease or laryngeal paralysis are at higher risk for choking.
What are common choking hazards?
What are safe chew alternatives for dogs?
Bully sticks are safe when used with a product like the Bow-Wow Buddy. This product will securely hold the end of the bully stick in place while your pet chews. It prevents your pet from accessing and choking on the end piece that is secured in the Bow-Wow buddy. The small end of lamb horns can also be placed in the Bow-Wow Buddy to prevent choking. Collagen dental chews are made from collagen (the layer of tissue underneath an animal’s skin) and will break into small pieces. Dehydrated fish skin will also break into small pieces.
Pet parent…know your dog!
What is your dog’s eating style? Does he or she eat fast and gulp food without much chewing?? What are his or her mannerisms? Do you have an aggressive chewer? What is your dog’s chewing style? OBSERVE. What is your dog’s physicality? Are they a short-nosed breed? Small dog or large dog? Does he or she have any underlying conditions? SUPERVISE – especially when giving your pet a new treat or toy. Get your dog used to having your fingers in his or her mouth. Brushing teeth is a good way to help your pet get comfortable with opening his or her mouth when needed.
There are steps you can take to make sure your pet is not a statistic. Observe your pet’s eating and chewing style. Supervise when trying out new chew treats and toys. Perform a scan of your home regularly to identify and secure potential choking hazards. Choking is a critical situation. There is a large emotional and financial toll for pet owners who have experienced a choking incident with a pet. Share this information with family and friends who are pet owners. Together, we can reduce and even eliminate choking incidents in our pets. For more information, visit nationalpetchokingpreventionday.com.
]]>The first step in proactively caring for your pet’s vision is feeding them a high moisture, meat-based, species-appropriate diet rich in naturally occurring antioxidants. Carotenoids are antioxidants that lower inflammation in the body. Foods high in carotenoids can help protect the cells in the eye. These foods include blueberries, broccoli, eggs, carrots, cold water fish (haddock, sardines, cod, tuna and salmon), kale, pumpkin, sweet potato, tomato, and bilberry. In addition to feeding naturally occurring antioxidants, supplements can also be added. Supplemental Omega 3 essential fatty acids, like those found in krill, sardine, anchovy, or squid oils, will cross the blood-brain barrier to nourish the eyes. Other vitamins and antioxidants that support eye health include Vitamin E and C, lutein, and zeaxanthin (or astaxanthin). Turmeric is a powerful antioxidant; its anti-inflammatory properties help prevent oxidative damage and delay the development of cataracts.
The next step is a daily check of your dog or cat’s eyes. When observing, look for any changes, such as squinting or holding the eye(s) closed, tearing, redness, discharge, and rubbing or pawing at the eye(s). There should not be any build-up of discharge that requires regular cleaning. The following symptoms may signal a problem and a visit to the veterinarian.
While waiting for an appointment with your veterinarian or the local emergency service, use a gentle drop or gel to moisten and soothe the eye. Products like Genteal or Refresh do not contain petroleum like most eye gels and ointments. Eye problems should not wait days to be seen. Insist on an immediate appointment or take your pet to an emergency clinic.
The final recommendation is to do your research regarding genetic predispositions to eye disease in your dog or cat. Different breeds are prone to different eye problems. In dog breeds for example, English Springer Spaniels are prone to developing glaucoma and cataracts. Collie breeds can develop a range of severities of Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA) which is an incurable condition that effects the retina, choroid and sclera. Boston Terriers and other short-nosed (brachycephalic) breeds are prone to “cherry” eye, as well as excessive tearing. Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is an inherited condition in Abyssinian and Persian cats. Himalayan and Burmese cats can inherit eye defects such as entropion and corneal sequestrum (dark areas of dead tissue in the cornea). These examples are by no means exhaustive. The point is to understand the symptoms of the disease so that it can be diagnosed, monitored and treated in its early stages.
Paying attention to your pet’s eye health can prevent eye diseases from becoming a serious problem. The sooner you notice an issue and act, the better chance there is to treat it with more resources and possibly reverse the problem. If in doubt, do not wait to get your pet to a veterinarian. Your pet’s vision depends on it!
]]>This is a species affecting mostly dogs (Demodex canis), but also cats (Demodex cati). Demodex mites are tiny—about 0.3 millimeters in length. They spend their entire life cycle inside hair follicles and/or the sebaceous glands that are attached to the hair follicles. These mites live mostly unnoticed on their host; however, a severe infestation (called demodectic mange or demodicosis) is a serious disease that can develop in an animal with a weakened immune system. Dog breeds most susceptible to demodectic mange include Beagle, Boxer, Bulldog, Chihuahua, Chow Chow, Dalmatian, Doberman, German Shepherd, Great Dane, Pointer, Pug, Shar Pei and Terrier.
Symptoms of demodectic mange include itching, hair loss, reddened skin, scale formation and pustules. More severe symptoms include inflamed foot pads, enlarged lymph nodes, lethargy, fever, and pus-filled inflammation of the deeper layers of the skin. Diagnosis is confirmed by taking a sample of skin scrapings and observing the mites under a microscope. False negatives (no mites found in the scraping) are common; therefore, clinical symptoms, history and response to treatment should considered.
These are more common in cats than in dogs. Kittens are more at risk that adult cats. Ear mites are 0.25 to 0.5 mm long, highly contagious, and live in the external ear. They feed on skin debris resulting from an allergic reaction to the mite saliva. Ear mites can cause a secondary bacterial infection and the appearance of pus. If not diagnosed and treated, a dark secretion like wet coffee grounds accumulates in the ears. Severe infestations can lead to local bleeding, eardrum perforation and deafness if the infection reaches the inner ear. Symptoms include intense itching, head shaking, licking, and rubbing against objects, sometimes to the point of self-mutilation. Diagnosis is made with microscopic examination of ear debris.
This mite affects only cats, and is not common in the United States and Northern Europe. Adult mites are 0.15-0.3 mm long; they dig tunnels in the skin where they lay their eggs. Larvae crawl out to the skin surface and dig their own tunnels where they molt into nymphs and adults. Infestations begin on the head and the ears to later spread to the neck, back and other parts of the body. Affected skin looks wrinkled and thickened, and is accompanied by intense itching, scratching and licking of the affected parts.
Diagnosis is confirmed using skin scrapings, and like Demodex mites, false negatives are not uncommon. If there are multiple cats in the household, the infestation must be removed as soon as possible, as the infestation can manifest itself repeatedly.
These mainly infest cats but can also affect dogs, foxes, rabbits and humans. They live on the skin surface and feed on the keratin (protein) in the skin. Infestations are often benign and usually result in mild dermatitis; however, massive infestations can lead to the formation of skin scales, hair loss and itching, most often on the back of the animal. Moving mites carry small skin scales around with them, giving the impression that the dandruff is moving. Diagnosis is confirmed using skin scraping or use of a sticky tape applied directly to the skin and examined under a microscope.
These mites occur in dogs and are present worldwide, but infestation is not common. Nasal mites often cause minor or no symptoms, but strong infestations can lead to chronic sneezing, nasal discharge, coughing and nose bleeds. Diagnosis is challenging because the symptoms point to other upper respiratory disorders. Confirmation of this mite is made by examining a sample of nasal discharge under the microscope or examining the nasal cavity with a rhinoscope.
Highly contagious among dogs, these mites can be spread to household cats and/or humans. Dogs can pick up mites from the immediate environment, then passively transmit to other animals when in close physical contact. These mites are small (0.15-0.55 mm) and can only be seen under a microscope. They are best found using a sticky tape applied to the coat, then examined under the microscope. A nonspecific, but effective diagnostic tool, is the "pinnal-pedal reflex", resulting in intense scratching when the edge of the ear flap is rubbed.
Harm to dogs can be substantial. Sarcoptes mites dig tunnels beneath the skin and their saliva has potent enzymes that dissolve the skin tissues. The mites then feed on the resulting liquids. Symptoms include skin irritation, allergic reactions to the mite saliva and feces, crusty pimples and pustules, hair loss, intense itching, head shaking, scratching the head, ears and other affected parts and rubbing against objects.
Conventional treatment for mites uses oral and topical synthetic parasiticides. Synthetic parasiticides are mostly broad spectrum, and not reliably effective against pet mites. Other products may control one or two mite species, but not all species. Still other products are approved for certain other parasites but not for mites. Avoid giving your pet potentially dangerous chemicals it does not need, if at all possible. Flea and tick “preventative” products containing insecticides such as flumethrin, isoxazolines, and imidacloprid, are reported to cause seizures and other neurological disorders in pets. Medicated shampoos and dips are often used to treat more severe (generalized demodicosis) cases and can take several months to clear. Do your research on the chemicals used in recommended products including dosage and instructions for use. Treatment for ear mites may include an antibiotic ear drop if there is a secondary bacterial infection.
It is not necessary to treat your pet or his/her environment with synthetic chemicals. There are a variety of natural products, recipes and strategies to rid your household and pets of mites. Natural products contain natural parasiticides; do your research and read ingredient lists before use. Know what ingredients your pet may be reactive to.
Mites are everywhere and currently, there is no known repellent for them. It is important to remember that mite infestations do not always develop into a disease. Animals that are healthy and well-nourished with a species appropriate diet often show only minor symptoms or no symptoms at all. A pet’s strong immune system can keep the mite population under control. Mites tend to proliferate in weak, sick, stressed and neglected animals. Keep your pet’s immune system strong by adding mushroom powders and tinctures, antioxidants and probiotics to your dog or cat’s daily nutrition regimen.
Although mite bites themselves aren’t dangerous, there’s a slim chance that they can pass along a disease. The best prevention is to keep your pet at his/her optimum level of health. Work with your veterinarian to diagnose potential mite infestations, and consider natural treatment options when at all possible.
]]>Known as nematodes or ascarids, these are the most common intestinal parasites in dogs and cats. Adult roundworms are 3-5 inches long, cream-colored, and tubular shaped. Animals with roundworms pass the infection to other animals when the worm eggs develop into larvae and are present in the infected animal’s feces. The larvae then inhabit the soil around the feces, leaving other animals (and children), vulnerable to accidental ingestion. In addition to diarrhea and weight loss, animals with roundworms can also exhibit a “potbellied” appearance, coughing, and the presence of worms passed in the feces. Diagnosis is made through the detection of roundworm eggs in feces using a microscope.
This is the second most common intestinal parasite found in dogs, but they are less common in cats. These are dangerous parasites in that they bite into the intestinal lining and suck blood. Pets also become infected when larvae penetrate the animal’s skin or the lining of the mouth. Puppies are more vulnerable to infection than adult dogs; infected mothers pass larvae through their placenta, colostrum or milk. Severe cases can cause anemia and pneumonia. Diarrhea with dark, tarry feces signals internal bleeding and often accompanies severe infections. Diagnosis is made though identification of hookworm eggs in feces using a microscope.
This parasite's name is inspired by their whip-like shape. They are more common in dogs than in cats. Adult whipworms are typically found in the colon and cecum (large intestine) of the animal. Eggs are passed in the feces and become infective in about 4 to 8 weeks. Once infective eggs are ingested, larvae develop in the small intestine and move to the colon where the adults mature. Whipworms bury their heads in the lining of the intestine and suck blood, but they are less harmful and do not cause health problems. Often, there are no clinical signs of light infections, but if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner, an increase in the number of worms results in intestinal inflammation, followed by diarrhea, weight loss, and blood loss. Whipworm eggs remain viable in soil for years.
Also known as cestodes, tapeworms are segmented worms that get their name from their thin and flat appearance. Dogs and cats become infected when they eat infected fleas or lice. Animals that have access to small mammals (i.e., rodents) infected with these worms are also at risk. It is important to note that since tapeworm eggs do not show up well in routine fecal analyses, your veterinarian should be notified if you see rice-like segments near your pet's tail. In addition to common symptoms associated with parasitic infection, a shaggy coat, and colic may be present. There may be no signs in mild cases.
These are single-celled parasites (protozoa) that are not visible to the naked eye. Like many intestinal parasites, coccidia are very contagious among puppies and kittens as their immune systems might not yet be strong enough to fight off the infection. Dogs will show signs of infection more often than cats. Treatment may be unnecessary in cats because they usually eliminate the infection themselves. Pets become infected by eating infected soil or licking contaminated paws or fur. Bloody, watery diarrhea may be present, with the potential for dehydration. The presence of coccidia is detected through a routine fecal test.
Like coccidia, giardia is a single-celled protozoan that attaches and multiplies in the small intestine, damaging the intestinal lining and reducing the absorption of nutrients from food. They produce cysts that pass through the feces. The cysts survive well in the environment and only a small number of organisms are needed to cause infection. As a result, Giardia is harder to diagnose than other intestinal parasites, and several stool samples may have to be tested before it is found. Giardia infection sometimes shows no clinical signs in dogs or cats. In more severe cases, it can cause weight loss and diarrhea, abnormal feces (soft, pale and foul-smelling), and vomiting.
Conventional treatment uses deworming medication. Medications like pyrantel can produce side effects including nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite and diarrhea. Side effects of other common medications include dizziness, cough, dark urine, and black tarry stools. These side effects mimic the symptoms of the infection themselves, making it difficult to differentiate between a symptom of the infection and a medication side effect. Do your research on the chemicals used in recommended products including dosage and instructions for use, as well as side effects.
There are safe and natural remedies for deworming your pet. They can be used to treat an active infection as well as prevent one.
Fruits and veggies that are high in fiber (carrots, banana, apple, coconut, and papaya) act as natural de-wormers. Grate them into your pet’s bowl. Dosage is 1 tsp per 10 pounds body weight. Fermented vegetables are a great natural de-wormer—in addition to boosting the immune system, they can also help expel the parasites. Pomegranate is useful for eliminating tapeworms.
Pumpkin seeds contain an amino acid called Cucurbitin that paralyzes the worms and eliminates them from the digestive tract. Serve ¼ tsp per 10 pounds of ground seed once or twice daily until the parasites are gone. Black cumin seeds (whole) are safe and effective for most worms. Use ½-1 tsp daily in food. Heat the seeds in a pan to get rid of the bitter taste.
For use in dogs in moderate amounts: dosage is ¼ clove per 10 pounds body weight daily. Chop the garlic and let it sit for 10-15 minutes before adding it to your pet’s food. Do not use garlic to fight worms in pregnant or lactating dogs.
Can be used in both dogs and cats. It creates a more alkaline digestive system that’s less attractive to parasites. Use raw organic, unfiltered ACV and give ¼-1 tsp in your pet’s water or food.
Herbs like thyme and parsley are natural de-wormers. Thyme is especially useful for hookworms. Add one tsp per pound of food. Cook fresh parsley down, strain out the solids, and freeze them into ice cubes. Give one cube daily.
Homeopathic remedies, essential oils, and other natural pet de-wormer products can be powerful additions to your pet’s regimen. Be sure to purchase from a reputable company and read the reviews of the product before purchase.
Add in ¼ tsp for small dogs up to 1 tsp for dogs over 55 pounds. DE actually rids the body of roundworms, whipworms, pinworms, and hookworms within 7 days of being fed daily. But to be most effective, it must be fed long enough to catch all newly hatching eggs or cycling of the worms through the lungs and back to the stomach as DE does not kill the eggs.
The short answer is YES! A pet’s strong immune system can keep parasite infections under control. Parasites tend to proliferate in weak, sick, stressed and neglected animals. A species-appropriate diet is the best line of defense to prevent parasitic infections. Keep your pet’s immune system strong by adding mushroom powders, tinctures, antioxidants and probiotics to their daily nutrition regimen.
Sanitation is important, especially in kennels or catteries where large numbers of animals are housed. Feces should be removed and disposed of frequently, and fecal contamination of feed and water should be prevented. Runs, cages, and utensils should be disinfected daily. Insect control is also important. Pet parents should employ their own good hygiene and wash hands after handling their animals.
Be sure your veterinarian includes annual fecal testing as part of your pet’s annual examination. Fecal samples should be checked more frequently if your dog or cat prefers to spend most of its time outdoors. A fecal test on a fresh sample should be performed following treatment of an infection to make sure all parasites have been cleared.
Even though in most cases, intestinal parasitic infestation is not a life-threatening situation, it can lead to various clinical problems. If left untreated, it can become a public health issue. Deworming is an important preventative care regime for reducing parasites and improving your pet’s health. Fruits, vegetables, seeds, herbs and homeopathic extracts are all great natural alternatives to prescribed deworming medications. Keep your pet’s immune system at optimal health, and parasites won’t find a welcoming environment!
]]>Fire controls the Heart and Small Intestine. The Heart houses the Shen, so imbalances of the Fire element can result in mania, anxiety, and insomnia. The Heart opens into the tongue and rules the Blood and Blood Vessels. Fire constitutions are prone to Excess Heat and Yin Deficiencies.
Earth represents the digestive organs Spleen and Stomach (not the western definition of spleen). This element is responsible for transforming food and fluids into Qi and Blood. The Spleen rules the muscles and flesh. Muscle tone in the limbs often indicates the relative strength or weakness of the Spleen. The Spleen opens into the mouth and lips. Earth dislikes Cold and Damp.
Metal represents Lungs and Large Intestine. Lungs rule respiration and move water down to the kidneys; they rule the exterior of the body (skin, sweat glands, and body hair). The Lung is the most susceptible organ to damage from outside pathogens. The nose, throat, and vocal cords are related to Lungs. Lung dislikes dryness and Cold.
Water represents Kidneys and Bladder. Kidneys store the life essence and are the source of reproduction, development, and maturation. The kidneys move and transform water within the body and eliminate waste. Kidneys rule the bones, teeth, brain, and spinal cord, and open to the ears. This element dominates the hindquarters.
Wood represents Liver and Gall Bladder. The main functions of the Liver are to maintain the smooth flow of Qi, store Blood, balance the emotions for proper behavior, control the tendons and ligaments, opens in the eyes, and dominates the perineal, inguinal, flank, and paw areas of the body. Wood is prone to Liver Qi Stagnation, resulting in aggression, frustration, and anger.
Excess (feed Fire): dryness, constipation, asthma, laryngitis, sinusitis, dermatitis, ileitis, colitis, urethritis, tumors (mammary), emaciation, anemia, poor appetite, stiff spine, neck and posture, dry cracked brittle nails and lips, tight muscles
Deficiency (feed Metal or Earth): respiratory tract infections, high fevers, bronchitis, pneumonia, dry mucous membranes, itching, shortness of breath, intermittent rapid heartbeat, bladder weakness, frail physique, incontinence, moles and warts, loss of body hair, cracked dry soft nails, soft enlarged lymph nodes, sneeze or cough with changes in temperature and humidity
Excess (feed Earth): apathy, lethargy, solitary, suspicious, moaning, groaning, arthritis, cold back and extremities, heart enlargement, edema, tumors in the brain, spinal cord, and lower abdomen, rigid muscles, pot belly, loose bowel movements, lack of appetite, shallow breathing, urinary retention, instability of the lumbosacral spine, arthritis in the hips and hind limbs (worse in cold), hypersensitive vision and hearing, headaches, weak digestion, kidney and bladder stones, bony tumors, hypertension, constipation
Deficiency (feed Water and/or Metal): fear, terror, dulled vision and hearing, weak stiff spine and lower body, degeneration of disks and cartilage, cold hips and hind legs, frequent urination, osteoporosis, prematurely gray, thin hair, wrinkled skin, lacks stamina, hard to wake up, loss of appetite, weak abdominal muscles
This is a complete diet that can be beneficial in cases of Metal Excess, Earth Deficiency, and Fire Deficiency.
Ingredient Properties:
This is a complete diet that can be beneficial in cases of Water Excess, Metal Deficiency and Earth Deficiency.
Ingredient Properties:
This is a complete diet that can be beneficial in cases of Wood Excess, Water Deficiency and Metal Deficiency.
Ingredient Properties:
This is a complete diet that can be beneficial in cases of Fire Excess, Wood Deficiency, and Water Deficiency.
Ingredient Properties:
This is a complete diet that can be beneficial in cases of Earth Excess, Wood Deficiency and Fire Deficiency.
Ingredient Properties:
Each element supports a “child” element. Think of the phase of generation, nourishment, and support like the relationship between a parent and a child; the parent supports the child to help them grow and be strong. Following the elements clockwise around the circle, the parent supports the child which comes after the parent:
Therefore:
There is also a restraining sequence in which elements will suppress an element that is in excess. An element in excess can damage the organ it controls by suppressing it too much. Think of the restraint phase like the relationship between a grandparent and a grandchild. The grandparent sets limits to make sure the grandchild does not overstep its boundaries. The grandparent elements lie across the circle from the grandchild:
Therefore:
In essence, Water nourishes Wood by moistening it and restrains Fire by quenching it. Wood generates Fire by providing fuel for combustion and inhibits Earth by covering it. Fire generates Earth by reducing matter to ash that forms soil and restrains Metal by burning and melting it. Earth supports Metal by forming minerals and bringing them to the surface but controls Water by damming and absorbing it. Metal vitalizes Water by permeating it with refined substances that enhance its life-giving properties and restrains Wood by cutting it.
While this all seems complicated, you can use the Pet Personality quiz to determine your pet’s element. Then check off issues your pet may have on the “excess” and “deficiency” columns under all the elements. Look to see how the excesses and deficiencies are affecting your pet’s element to determine what needs to be supported or controlled with food therapy. For instance, a Fire element dog may have weak bones or kidneys because the Water element has been exhausted from trying to control the Fire (Water is the grandparent to Fire). In this case, support the Water element by feeding Water or by feeding Metal (the parent of Water).
Dr. Judy Morgan's Constitutions diets are available from AllProvide.
Recipes are available on our website if you want to make the meals at home.
]]>Every dog or cat – regardless of whether he or she is a competitor, in the show ring, or a just a faithful member of the family - can benefit from training. Every pet can be trained! Yet, hundreds of pets that are purchased as Christmas presents are surrendered in the spring because of “behavioral concerns.” Studies show that most surrendered dogs (47.7%) are between 5 months and 3 years of age. Most dogs had been owned from 7 months to one year. Approximately 3.9 million dogs and 3.2 million cats are abandoned or given up to shelters each year.[1] Training can be the antidote to the heart-breaking decision of re-homing your pet because of behavioral problems.
Why should I train my pet?
There are many reasons for training your pet, and they are centered around (1) physical benefits, (2) mental enrichment and (3) improvements in behavior and emotional health. Training creates a synergy of these benefits. For example, training as simple as taking your dog on a walk and switching up the path at regular intervals provides not just physical exercise but also mental stimulation. Contrary to popular belief, cats are just as fun to train as dogs! Your cat will welcome learning basic directions, and most kittens take well to leash training if you pair the lessons with food and fun. Participating in training your pet creates a healthy and lasting bond between the two of you. With training, you are both learning about each other and gaining mutual trust. In learning habits and behavior, needs can be anticipated as positive behaviors are affirmed and unwanted behaviors are extinguished.
Why is mental enrichment important for pets?
Just like humans, our pets can suffer if not given mental stimulation. In fact, many behavior problems are caused by boredom or a lack of mental stimulation. Mental stimulation is just as important as physical exercise. Some easy ways to include mental enrichment into your pet’s day include providing plenty of mentally stimulating toys and going on a treat search. Dogs and cats are curious animals, so giving them commands and teaching them tricks that go beyond simple obedience commands can solve issues with boredom and anxiety. Activities such as scent work and engaging in fun toys and puzzles can provide mental challenges while at the same time, teach safe social contact and playing without reactivity (i.e. becoming destructive).
How can training improve my pet’s behavior?
Training can help keep your pets safe in risky situations and helps keep them under control if people are wary of them. An untrained dog may not heed its owner’s calls, oblivious to impending dangers. A reactive dog is an unsafe dog. Training can also improve your dog’s social skills: dogs are social animals and will want to interact with other dogs at the dog park, vet clinic and family gatherings. Training can open doors for your dog as you will be able to take your pet to public places and not have to be concerned about their behavior.
While most cats cannot be trained to do the array of tasks dogs are bred for, basic training – such as using a litter box - comes naturally to them. The act of training in and of itself is incredibly valuable for frustrated, bored, shy and fearful cats. While cats benefit from training in many of the same ways as dogs, training them requires a different tact. Unlike dogs who relate to their family like toddler-aged children, cats are more like teenagers. While dogs cooperate with a few kind words, cats are motivated on a “pay-to-play” basis.[2] Dismissive of gushy excitement, cats will participate in training games only if the rewards are worthwhile.
Training helps you and your pet distinguish between play and aggressive behavior. Trained dogs and cats are more fun and enjoyable members of the family. Training avoids problem behaviors such as chewing, marking of territory, and separation anxiety, as well as problems stemming from insecurity and power struggles.
Good nutrition is in direct correlation to successful training. Feeding a species-appropriate high-quality diet will provide them the physical ability and mental focus needed to learn new skills. Studies show that a poor diet (i.e. dry kibble) can contribute to anxiety, depression and inability to focus. A healthy gut microbiome, fortified by highly nutritious food and a probiotic, reduces inflammation and provides consistent energy and mental clarity.
How should I train my pet?
“Pet-friendly” training makes learning a more rewarding, easy and a happy experience for both the pet and the human parent. The pet-friendly approach incorporates mutual trust and rewards for good behavior. Positive reinforcement training is the most effective method. Whenever your pet demonstrates good behavior and responds positively to your commands, reward them! Training treats are great rewards for food-motivated cats and dogs. If your pet is not food motivated, experiment with other rewards such as a play session with a favorite toy, verbal affirmation or even plenty of affection. When giving commands, be consistent in your words and intonation. Make sure all members of the family do the same. Make training sessions short and frequent – the American Kennel Club (AKC) recommends keeping sessions to 5 minutes maximum. Repeat the training sessions in different locations, with different people and varying levels of distraction. Make it fun and praise the small things!
With cats, the important thing is to let him/her have the final say in what you teach them, as not all cats like to do all things. Lessons often require intense focus, so like dogs, keep them short and upbeat, no more than 5 minutes. End each session with some fun such as a feathered or stuffed toy.
Another great option for cat or dog is to find a professional trainer or join a training class. Hiring a professional trainer is one of the fastest ways to get results. Do your research before choosing, ask pet parent friends and family for references and be sure they use positive reinforcement techniques.
What is the Canine Good Citizen Certification?
Skills that are learned in the Canine Good Citizen program are designed to teach dogs how to behave in a socially acceptable way; the program is often referred to as a “class in good manners” for dogs. A dog that passes the AKC Canine Good Citizen test will be a better-behaved companion. You will establish a strong bond with your pup, and he/she will have a better ability to communicate with and understand you. You will have the ability to control your dog in a variety of situations, making for a safer environment. Signing up for the Canine Good Citizen program involves taking local CGC training classes with your dog. You can also take non-AKC classes that teach the necessary skills for passing the CGC test. There are a variety of “focal points” that are covered during training including: accepting a friendly stranger, sitting politely for petting, walking on a loose lead, walking through a crowd, commands such as “sit,” “down,” and stay, coming when called, and reactions to another dog and to distractions.[3] Contact your local AKC club or check out the AKC website if you are interested.
It is the job of a pet parent to provide the education the pet needs. A well-trained pet is more tolerant and well-behaved in a host of situations. Training requires time and effort, as well as patience and money, but the results are worth it! Always remember to keep an open mind when starting training, enjoy every session and always use positive reinforcements.
[1] www.thehealthyjournal.com/frequently-asked-questions/at-what-age-are-most-dogs-given-up
[2] https://www.dailypaws.com/cats-kittens/cat-training/cat-training#:~:text=Contrary%20to%20popular%20belief%2C%20cats,of%20a%20few%20key%20words.
[3] akc.org/products-services/training-programs/canine-good-citizen/canine-good-citizen-test-items/
]]>What are the types of Hemangiosarcoma in dogs?
What are the symptoms of Hemangiosarcoma?
Symptoms will depend on the location of the disease. For example, Hemangiosarcoma in the skin will show as a mass or lump under the skin. The lump may bleed or become ulcerated. Hemangiosarcoma in the spleen or liver can show clinical signs such as weakness, anemia, collapse, and pale gums. Heart-based Hemangiosarcoma can cause weakness, breathing difficulties, intolerance to exercise, fluid buildup in the abdomen and abnormal heart rhythms. Other general symptoms include loss of appetite, lethargy, vomiting, and weight loss.
What are the causes of Hemangiosarcoma?
Hemangiosarcoma is rare in humans, and as a result, there isn’t much research about it or its causes. As of the writing of this blog, researchers believe that Hemangiosarcoma is tied to genetics and environmental factors. The dermal form of the disease is associated with excessive exposure to sunlight. This form of cancer is more common in certain breeds including Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, Boxers, English Setters, and Doberman Pinschers. Canine Hemangiosarcoma usually occurs more often in older dogs; males tend to be more susceptible than females. There is also now evidence that spaying and neutering (particularly when performed early in life before full maturity is reached) increases the risk of the disease. Studies confirm an association between neutering and development of splenic Hemangiosarcoma but not cardiac Hemangiosarcoma, in both male and female dogs.[1]
How is Hemangiosarcoma diagnosed?
A basic physical examination can uncover signs that the disease may be present. For example, pale or white colored gums can signal anemia. An abdominal exam will look for lumps or swelling. A complete blood test will detect signs of low platelet counts. An activated clotting test can signal a bleeding disorder. Ultrasonography can reveal tumors in the spleen, liver, heart, or other organs. An echocardiogram will detect masses in the heart. The gold standard for diagnosis is a biopsy. Since the most accurate results are based on the primary tumor, it can be challenging to get an accurate confirmation if there are multiple tumors.
How is Hemangiosarcoma treated?
Treatment will depend on the location of the cancer as well as its spread. Conventional treatment of Dermal Hemangiosarcoma involves surgical removal of a tumor on the skin; this can be followed up with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. This type of cancer can often be cured with surgery alone (8 out of 10 dogs); however, if the tumor is deep in the skin, the success rate is much lower.
Visceral forms of Hemangiosarcoma are much harder to treat. Treatment of Splenic Hemangiosarcoma can include removal of the spleen if the tumor is identified early. Less than 10% of the dogs survive more than a year after surgery. Tumors near the heart can also be removed. These procedures may prolong the life of your pet. Surgery alone is rarely helpful in these cases because of the highly aggressive nature of the cancer. Conventional post-surgery treatment can include radiation and/or chemotherapy. Other treatments are aimed at soothing symptoms, stopping any bleeding problems, and providing supportive care to ensure comfort.
In 2021, the National Canine Cancer Foundation (NCCF) funded part of the research being done at the University of Minnesota that has led to a breakthrough in treating this dreaded disease. In Phase 1 of the study, researchers developed a blood test to diagnose Hemangiosarcoma with 90% accuracy. In Phase 2, the test was used to determine whether the disease had returned in a dog being treated for the disease. Results are ongoing but suggest that the test can indeed detect a return of the disease. Data in this phase are still being collected and analyzed.
The research by the University of Minnesota and the NCCF is providing hope for dogs diagnosed with Hemangiosarcoma. In addition to the diagnostic test developed in 2021, a University of Minnesota professor has invented a drug that specifically targets tumors while causing minimal damage to the immune system. The drug, named eBAT, was used in a trial of 23 dogs. The dogs were given 3 doses of eBAT following surgery to remove splenic tumors. The use of eBAT improved the 6-month survival rate to approximately 70%, while 5 of the 23 dogs survived to more than 1 year.[2]
Can Hemangiosarcoma be prevented?
Research on the causes of Hemangiosarcoma is limited. As a result, prevention protocols are limited. The statistics are sobering – only 10% of dogs will survive one year past their diagnosis. Less than 50% will survive 4-6 months past diagnosis. However, in Phase 3 of the University of Minnesota study, called “Shine On,” researchers are focusing on how effective the test is at detecting Hemangiosarcoma in its earliest stages with the goal of preventing the disease in healthy dogs. The researchers estimate that there is a less than 1% chance of an “at-risk” dog that tests “negative” to develop Hemangiosarcoma over a subsequent 6-month period. These dogs are considered candidates for “prevention.”[3] Prevention is achieved by using eBAT to kill the cells that create and maintain the tumor and to make conditions unfavorable for tumor growth. The drug eBAT has been proven to be safe and potential side effects are manageable.
The University of Minnesota research will continue and the results will continue to be disseminated through scientific and veterinary meetings, as well as through scientific, peer-reviewed publications. In the meantime, there are many options and factors to consider with a Hemangiosarcoma diagnosis. When in doubt, talk to your family, your veterinarian, and veterinary specialist to find the best option for you and your pet. Ask them if they are aware of the latest diagnostic tools and lifesaving treatments like eBAT.
What can be done from a holistic perspective?
[1] Pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32355348/
[2] https://aacrjournals.org/mct/article/16/5/956/92284/Safe-and-Effective-Sarcoma-Therapy-through-Bispecific-Targeting-of-EGFR-and-uPAR
[3] https://wearethecure.org/breakthrough-in-hemangiosarcoma-treatment-in-dogs)
]]>
What’s been missing from dog diets for a few hundred years? Naturally occurring probiotics from whole foods.
Fermentation makes foods both more nutritious and delicious for dogs.
The unique process of fermentation for dogs is considered "wild fermentation". This is a form of lacto-fermentation, which uses the lactic acid-producing bacteria that occur naturally on the raw food that we ferment. We combine wild fermentation with another fermentation through grass-fed goat kefir.
Using these wild-type bacteria is very much in tune with the way our dogs have gone out into nature for thousands of years, eating these wild bacteria that are found in and on the plants, berries, and prey animals, including the gut contents of those animals, whose contents are highly fermented. In this way, Gussy's Gut brings millennia of instinct to your dog in a very clean, optimized, convenient, and health-promoting way.
Our wild fermentation process transforms superfoods into even more valuable, digestible, and useful nutrition for our dogs. This combination of wild-fermented superfoods and traditionally fermented goat kefir is creating optimal biodiversity for our dogs they absolutely love.
This is a wonderful way to support and ensure optimal health for your dog’s entire intestinal tract. Dr. Billinghurst and I believe supporting your dog's healthy gut and colon in this way is far superior to any probiotic pills and powders on the market today.
Fermented foods help dogs stay healthy and in proper relation to their world (or greater biome).
For thousands of years, dogs have been supporting their health using the power of wild fermentation. One of the ways they have done this is to bury their meat and bones and allow the wild soil microbes to ferment them. Eating this fermented meat and bones is instinctual for our dogs; in fact, it is part of their evolutionary diet, which is why dogs naturally crave them.
Fermentation can be very helpful in breaking down otherwise indigestible plant materials and releasing their full nutritional potency. This means it both aids in digestion and improves absorption.
Wild fermentation is the Gussy's Gut way. It creates an incredible and convenient way of giving your dog the benefits of nature in your home.
It is not an exaggeration to say that wild microbial cultures possess a great life force. This can help our dogs adapt to the shifting conditions of their environment and lower their susceptibility to disease and illness. This includes their mental health. You see, bacteria play a vital role in both our immune health and in the normal healthy processes that constitute the functioning of our nervous system. You may have heard of the gut-brain axis. This phenomenon controls many things. A gut in dysbiosis (low good bacteria and higher bad bacteria in your dog’s gut) can be responsible for low energy, anxiety, anger, and depression to name just a few. On the other hand, a gut in balance with higher beneficial bacteria can be responsible for happiness, calmness, centeredness, and contentment. Gussy’s Gut supports this balance.
The goal of Gussy's Gut is to support a vibrant, resilient, long life for your dog. And not just more years - more good years.
By eating our variety of 19 live fermented superfoods, you promote diversity among microbial cultures in your dog's body. Biodiversity, increasingly recognized as critical to the survival of our ecosystems, is just as important at the micro level in our dog's bodies. This is referred to as micro biodiversity.
Your dog's body is its own ecosystem that can function most effectively when populated by a spectrum of healthy microorganisms. By consuming raw fermenting superfoods from healthy soils, your dog becomes more interconnected with the life force of their food. Their food is alive.
Wild fermentation is the opposite of homogenization, uniformity, and monocultures. It is dynamic, completely natural, and spontaneous like life is. It also slightly varies from each batch of Gussy's Gut. There are two reasons for this.
There certainly are therapeutic reasons for these types of synthetic microbes, but not in Gussy’s Gut Daily. These are shelf stable and most can’t make it through
the acidic digestive systems of dogs. So those good probiotics are mostly a waste of your money.
The Disadvantages of Lab-Grown Probiotics
The advantage to other companies of using lab-grown single-species probiotics in their pills, powders, and chews is you can make a claim on your label that your product has a certain CFU and species of probiotic(s). No doubt this is great for marketing. But is it great for your dog long term? Sadly, the answer is no because our dog’s gut requires biodiversity. Life thrives on diversity and difference and Gussy's Gut is designed with this in mind; it is produced with wild bacteria to ensure it never uses these specific and lab-grown types of probiotics.
Gussy's Gut NEVER-EVER uses:
- Laboratory-grown or spore probiotics
- Hydroponically grown ingredients
- Non-organic ingredients
- Synthetic supplements
Gussy's Gut creates our own unique probiotics from nature through our unique fermentation process.
With each batch being different and unique, we proudly boast that Gussy's Gut is not the typical uniform commodity. It is alive and vibrant.
The process of wild fermentation begins with ingredients grown in healthy soil that is teaming with life from organic, biodynamic, and regenerative farms. We are fanatical about the source of every ingredient that goes into our products.
Gussy's Gut delivers:
- A clean and healthy fermentation process designed specifically for dogs with Dr. Ian Billinghurst
- Enzymatically-activated greens and superfoods = nutrients that are alive
- Superfoods that support an alkaline environment in the tissues and support detoxification
- A healthy spectrum of over 180 vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, fatty acids, amino acids and enzymes that go beyond supplements and beyond the limited nutrient range prescribed by AAFCO and other authorities.
- A powerful blend of antioxidants to help neutralize harmful free radicals and support healthy aging
Gussy's Gut is delivered to you as a dry powder that you sprinkle over your dog's food but it is still raw through our long, slow freeze-drying process. We never dehydrate, bake, or air dry our product as it would kill the raw, live, and dynamic value of the product.
To give your dog all the benefits of Gussy's Gut, we recommend you order enough for at least 2-3 months to see the positive effects for your dog. This is a supplement that works deeply within dogs. You must give your dog’s system time to reset and load up on the nutrients in Gussy’s Gut. The gut needs time to adjust and heal. For extremely healthy dogs, they respond much faster and you can see the changes happen faster. For dog’s that need Gussy’s Gut most, it takes many weeks. The beautiful improvements that our customers report seeing come in months 3-5.
One 7.5 oz package contains 135 teaspoons. We recommend one teaspoon per 20 pounds of your dog's weight every day. If you’d like to stretch your dollar further, you can give Gussy’s Gut every other day for positive benefit. Dr. Billinghurst says positive benefits come with regular and consistent feeding to your dog. Every other day can confer benefits.
If you wish to give extra support to your dog, give 1 teaspoon of Gussy's Gut Daily per 10 pounds of his/her weight. This can be valuable for older dogs or for all dogs after surgery, antibiotic treatment, or an illness.
]]>An Integrative Approach to Hospice and Palliative Care for Dogs
What is hospice and palliative care?
While the terms hospice and palliative care are often used interchangeably, pet hospice focuses more on managing the process of dying.
Palliative care focuses on relieving pain and other disease signs. It starts when the focus shifts from trying to cure an illness or extend the length of a life to helping the pet stay happy and comfortable. This is done through medications, therapies such as acupuncture, chiropractic care or laser therapy, dietary therapy, and home care such as administering fluids or applying heat therapy. The goal is to help pets do more of what they enjoy for as long as they’re able to enjoy it.
Hospice takes over when palliative care has done all it can do and is no longer effective. The goal of hospice is to provide pets with a dignified death that’s as peaceful, humane, and pain-free as possible. That might mean managing pain and making the pet comfortable during a natural death or providing relief for unmanageable suffering via euthanasia.
What ailments can be helped with hospice and palliative care?
Palliative care is not used only in cases of terminal illness. Pets with any type of painful or limiting illness or condition can benefit from comfort care, even if the condition is not life-threatening. Conditions that might benefit from palliative care can include:
Who can provide hospice and palliative care?
Not all veterinarians have advanced training in hospice and palliative care, however more and more often, we are seeing staff members wanting to provide supportive care for aging or terminally ill pets. The IAAHPC (International Association of Animal Hospice and Palliative Care) is open to veterinarians, licensed social workers, licensed mental health professionals, pet loss professionals, chaplains, aftercare providers, veterinary technicians, and students in those fields.
Pet parents can provide much of the necessary care at home; limiting trips to the veterinary office will decrease stress for both the pet and the family. Providing care in a home setting can help decrease costs involved in care, once the pet parent feels comfortable providing care at home. Most pet parents can learn to give injections, administer subcutaneous fluids, and monitor vital parameters such as heart and respiratory rates, body temperature, and blood glucose. The most important aspect of hospice care is education about your pet’s medical condition.
For more information on providing palliative care for your own pet, educational courses are available: An integrative approach to hospice and palliative care for dogs.
]]>Guest blog post by Richard Rowlands
Did you know that goat's milk can provide your dog and cat with numerous health benefits? From reducing allergies to improving digestion, this natural, nutrient-dense food can support your dog's overall health and wellbeing.
As a food topper, added to their regular meals, or even frozen and served on a platter or lick mat, goat's milk is a delicious and nutritious option for your pup or kitty. Keep on reading to discover seven key health benefits of goat's milk for dogs.
Feeding your pet goat's milk is a fantastic way to support their digestive health. Its smaller fat globules and unique protein structure make it easier to digest than cow's milk, reducing the risk of digestive issues such as diarrhea, gas, and bloating.
Goat's milk is also a good source of probiotics which can help balance the gut microbiome and aid in digestion. These beneficial microorganisms can increase nutrient absorption by breaking down food particles for easier absorption by your pet's body.
Goat's milk is an excellent option for pets with food allergies or sensitivities, as it's less likely to trigger an allergic reaction than cow's milk or other dairy products. Since goat's milk hasn't been pasteurized or homogenized like cow's milk, it still contains the lactase enzyme which is responsible for breaking down lactose in dairy products. This can help reduce the risk of lactose intolerance-related symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Another reason why goat's milk is less likely to trigger an allergic reaction is that it contains a different type of beta-casein than cow's milk. Cow's milk can contain the A1 beta-casein protein, which may cause an immune response in some pets and lead to symptoms such as skin irritation and digestive upset. Goat's milk, on the other hand, contains A2 beta-casein which is less likely to cause a reaction.
Goat's milk can also help reduce inflammation in the body, thanks to its unique combination of fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. The fatty acids found in the milk play a key role in reducing inflammation by helping to suppress certain inflammatory molecules. This can help reduce pain and swelling associated with conditions such as arthritis or other joint issues.
Selenium is one of the many nutrients found in goat's milk that has anti-inflammatory properties. It helps protect against damage caused by free radicals, which can lead to inflammation in your dog's body. Goat's milk is also a good source of zinc, a mineral that mediates inflammatory responses in the body.
As mentioned earlier, goat's milk contains probiotics which help balance the gut. This in turn can help boost your pet's immunity, as about 70% of the immune system is located in the gut. Other immune-boosting nutrients found in goat's milk include antioxidants such as vitamins A and C.
Acting as a powerful antioxidant, Vitamin A helps protect cells from oxidative stress and can assist in immune function. Vitamin C also has antioxidant properties and helps support the body's natural defense against infections and diseases.
Goat's milk is a great source of calcium, which is essential for healthy teeth and bones. Calcium helps maintain the strength and density of bones, as well as promoting dental health by helping to prevent tooth decay.
Phosphorus is another mineral found in goat's milk. It helps to strengthen teeth and bones by combining with calcium to form hydroxyapatite, a mineral that gives bones and teeth their strength and structure. Phosphorus also plays a role in a variety of cellular processes, such as energy production, cell signaling, and muscle contraction.
Ensuring that your pet stays properly hydrated is essential for their overall wellbeing, and goat's milk can help with that. It contains about 85% water, making it an excellent source of hydration for your pet. It can even help replenish lost fluids in pets with digestive issues, such as vomiting or diarrhea.
Goat's milk can also help regulate body temperature, as it contains electrolytes such as sodium and potassium. These minerals help to maintain the balance of fluids in your pet's body and can help prevent dehydration during hot weather or strenuous activity.
The essential fatty acids in goat's milk can even help improve the health of your pet's skin and coat. These fatty acids are able to penetrate the skin and provide moisture, helping to protect against dryness and irritation. The moisturizing properties of goat's milk can also help soothe any existing skin issues, such as allergies or hot spots.
Goat's milk is also a good source of biotin, a B vitamin that helps promote healthy skin and a shiny coat. Biotin helps strengthen hair follicles and prevents dry, brittle fur by providing nourishment to the cells that produce sebum. Additionally, goat's milk contains Vitamin E which can help reduce inflammation in the skin, as well as protect against damage caused by free radicals.
If you're looking for an alternative to cow's milk for your dog or cat, goat's milk is an excellent choice. With its high nutrient content and anti-inflammatory properties, it can provide a wide range of benefits for our canine companions. From improved digestive health and strengthened immunity, to stronger teeth and bones, goat's milk can be a great addition to your pet's diet.
However, it's important to consult with your veterinarian before introducing any new food into your pet's diet, as certain health conditions or allergies may prevent them from being able to consume goat's milk safely. If you do decide to give your pet goat's milk, it is best to start off slowly and in small amounts, to help their body adjust and make sure there are no adverse reactions.
Photo by James Barker on Unsplash
]]>Pyometra is a severe bacterial infection in the reproductive tract that causes the formation of purulent (pus or containing pus) material to develop in the uterus. This occurs secondary to hormonal changes in female dogs and cats. Following a heat cycle, hormones change, making it easier for bacteria to enter the uterus, grow, and cause an infection.
What causes pyometra?
It is caused by hormonal changes in the body that cause the uterus to fill with pus. Intact females that still have reproductive organs are more likely to get pyometra, especially when they are over age 6. A very common organism called E. coli, found in feces, usually causes the condition. There are hormonal changes which take place in the uterus during each heat cycle and these make the infection more likely as pets get older.
Following estrus (heat), the hormone progesterone remains elevated for up to two months and causes the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur for several consecutive estrus cycles, the uterine lining continues to increase in thickness until cysts form within the uterine tissues (a condition called cystic endometrial hyperplasia). The thickened, cystic lining secretes fluids that create an ideal environment for bacterial growth. In addition, the muscles of the uterus cannot contract properly either due to thickening of the uterine wall or the high levels of the hormone progesterone. This means that bacteria that enters the uterus and fluids that have accumulated cannot be expelled.
During estrus, white blood cells, which would normally protect against infection by eliminating bacteria, are inhibited from entering the uterus. This normal occurrence allows sperm to safely enter the female's reproductive tract without being damaged or destroyed by these immune system cells.
Stump pyometra can occur in dogs and cats that have been spayed, if the doctor performing the surgery did not remove the entire uterus.
Progesterone-based drugs can also cause pyometra due to the changes they make in the uterus. In addition, estrogen or synthetic estrogen drugs will increase the effects of progesterone on the uterus. Drugs containing both estrogen and progesterone are sometimes used to treat certain conditions of the reproductive system. Any intact female receiving hormones must be carefully monitored for the development of pyometra.
What are the symptoms of pyometra and how is it diagnosed?
Pyometra can be "open" or "closed". In an open pyometra, the cervix is open, allowing the purulent discharge in the uterus to drain out through the vaginal opening. The discharge will usually be thick or bloody with a foul odor. The dog or cat may groom the hindquarter area excessively. In a closed pyometra, the cervix remains closed, trapping the pus inside the uterus. This type of pyometra is harder to diagnose; radiographs or ultrasound may be required for diagnosis. Closed pyometra is also more dangerous, as these animals become toxic more quickly and are subject to uterine rupture.
Pets affected with pyometra will usually drink more than usual, may have decreased appetite, and may be lethargic. They may vomit, have a bloated abdomen, and may collapse.
Symptoms generally appear six to eight weeks after going through a heat cycle for dogs, which cycle about every seven months. Pyometra most commonly occurs in cats that have been in heat within the past month.
A complete blood count (CBC) will usually show an elevated white blood cell count, with elevated numbers of neutrophils and band cells, which signal a bacterial infection. Blood glucose (sugar) and globulins may also be elevated.
How can pyometra be treated?
In the past, the preferred treatment has been surgery. The veterinary surgeon usually performs an ovariohysterectomy (spay) to remove the infected uterus and ovaries. This surgery is more complicated than routine spay, however studies have shown high survivability over 97%, even in non-specialty clinic settings.
Pets diagnosed in the early stages of their illness are considered good candidates for a successful surgery. The risks of complications and extended hospitalization are higher if diagnosis is delayed.
After the surgery, typically, intravenous fluids (IV) are needed; the pet may remain hospitalized for two to three days on fluids and antibiotics.
Pyometra is a medical emergency that needs immediate treatment. If you notice symptoms or changes in your pet's behavior, call your veterinarian. Early diagnosis lowers the risks of complications. If left, the disease will worsen to the point of dehydration, collapse, and death from septic shock. Closed pyometras that go untreated can result in uterine rupture, peritonitis, and a worse prognosis for recovery.
There is a medical approach to treating pyometra, although the success rate is highly variable and not without considerable risk and potential long-term complications.
Prostaglandins are a group of hormones that lower the level of progesterone in the blood, relax and open the cervix, and cause the uterus to contract, therefore expelling the bacteria and pus. They can be used to treat this disease, but they are not always successful and have some important limitations.
The use of prostaglandins to treat pyometra has variable rates of success. Prostaglandins do not prevent recurrence of the disease; successful breeding in the future is not guaranteed.
Aglepristone is a progesterone antagonist that has been used to treat pyometra in both dogs and cats. It is labeled for use to induce abortion after unwanted mating. In bitches with closed cervix pyometra, administration of aglepristone is often followed by cervical opening within 24-48 hrs. There is no information on the effect of aglepristone on pyometra in the queen, but efficacy for this indication is thought to be the same as in dogs.
Homeopathic protocols exist for treatment of pyometra; work with a trained veterinary homeopath to be sure treatment is helping. TCVM (Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine) approaches to therapy may include acupuncture and herbal therapy. These modalities may be combined with traditional therapies.
Can my pet be bred again after being treated for pyometra?
Many dogs and cats can be bred after successful treatment for pyometra. The pet owner should be vigilant for any symptoms of pyometra after future heat cycles.
]]>How can I support my pet before surgical sterilization?
How can I help my pet heal after surgical sterilization?
The goal is to heal completely with no post-surgical complications. Your veterinarian will send you home with discharge instructions and medications for pain.
To detox the kidneys from the anesthesia, give your pet fresh or dried parsley. Dried parsley can be infused to make tea. Another great herb is dandelion root or leaves. The leaves can be chopped or ground and added to food. Dried dandelion root and leaves are also available in powder and tea.
How can I support my spayed or castrated pet for the long term?
Whether your pet has been spayed/castrated four days or four years ago, it is important to support the endocrine system. The endocrine system consists of tissues and glands that release hormones into the bloodstream. A big part of endocrine balance comes from the hormones made in the testicles and ovaries. If these gonads were removed during sterilization, the remaining glands in the endocrine system must work harder to maintain hormonal balance. Certain levels of sex hormones are still needed for healthy biologic function throughout life. When the testes or ovaries are removed, the task of producing these hormones falls to the adrenal glands. In addition to potential adrenal gland issues, the potential effects of hormonal imbalances include changes in bone growth and development, ligament and hip problems, urinary issues, immune system imbalances, and shorted lifespan. Ways to support the endocrine system include:
Much has been learned about the health risks of spay and neuter in recent years. There is no way to reverse a traditional spay or castration; however, there are many options you can implement to support your dog’s endocrine system. Take the time to do the research and then share that research with your veterinarian to determine a support protocol that is tailor-made for your pet.
]]>What are the benefits of neutering my cat?
Spaying your female cat eliminates the possibility of pregnancy and pyometra (uterine infection). Neutering your male or female cat also ends mating behaviors that are stressful to cats and humans. When in heat, female cats may display behavior such as loud and persistent crying and frequent rubbing and rolling on the floor. Your cat may also exhibit marking behaviors such as urinating outside the litterbox. An intact female’s scent will attract male cats.
Unneutered male cats will wander from home in search of a mate and may not return. They may also spray inside the home and may be aggressive to owners. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), which is more prevalent in intact tom cats, can be spread by sexual behavior and fighting; both FIV and the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) may be passed onto a queen's offspring.
However, aggression and spraying can also occur in spayed females and neutered males. Spaying and neutering are not a guarantee that your cat will not be aggressive or will not spray.
Neutering also reduces the risk of certain cancers in cats; namely, mammary, ovarian, and uterine cancer in females. Female cats have a 91% decrease in mammary cancer with spay prior to one year of age. Up to 96% of mammary tumors are malignant in cats. Ovarian and uterine cancers are not commonly seen. Spayed females no longer go into heat every 3 weeks for 5 days during the breeding season.
Removing the testes during castration reduces the risk of testicular cancer to near 0% in male cats. Neutered male cats also have a lesser risk of enlarged prostate gland and prostatic cancer, although prostatic disease is extremely rare in cats.
What are the recommended sterilization procedures for cats?
For females…
For males…
Research from Tufts University shows that feral cats that undergo a vasectomy or hysterectomy could reduce a feral colony's numbers more effectively than the traditional approach of neutering. This may be because vasectomized cats retain reproductive hormones and will continue to breed with females in heat. Because they are not able to reproduce, the females will come out of the heat cycle without being impregnated; this would also protect their turf from sexually intact competitors.
What are the risks/disadvantages of sterilizing my cat?
The best way to mitigate these risks is to feed a weighted and measured, species-appropriate, low-carbohydrate diet to your cat. Studies have shown that a reduction of up to 30% of calories might be necessary to maintain a healthy weight on a sterilized cat.[3] Cats may be less energetic post-sterilization and therefore, burn fewer calories. Food intake should be controlled, meaning not leaving out food all day for cats to graze upon. Actively encouraging increased activity will help boost metabolism and burn calories.
Most veterinarians will recommend sterilizing a cat by 6 months of age. However, I recommend sterilizing cats once they are fully developed, and bones are finished growth (most likely around 9 months). Early spay/neuter results in the bone growth plates remaining open longer. Cats that are spayed or neutered prior to the closure of the growth plates have increased incidence of physeal fractures.
As with any procedure, discuss all your options with your veterinarian. There may be other health considerations to consider before deciding the best course of action. Sterilization is one of those areas where cats do differ from dogs…there appears to be many benefits to being spayed or castrated but fewer downsides.
]]>
The uterus is Y-shaped, with the arms of the “Y” being longer than the stem. The long arms of the uterus are called the horns (or oviducts), and the short stem is called the body. The uterine horns extend from each ovary and join to form the body of the uterus. Uterus unicornis (absence of a uterine horn), segmental aplasia (obstruction) of a uterine horn, and uterine horn hypoplasia (underdevelopment) are defects in the development of the uterus. Pregnancy can still occur if sterilization has not been performed. An ovariohysterectomy (traditional spay) is performed to eliminate the risk of progression of the anomaly (tumors). Malignant endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most common uterine tumor, and prognosis for this condition is guarded. In addition to adenocarcinoma, there are several other types of both benign and malignant tumors that can form. Most dogs and cats affected with tumors are intact and are middle aged or older.[5]
While reproductive abnormalities are rare, they can occur. Most animals are sterile, but some will need corrective surgery to enjoy a long lifespan.
[1] https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/reproductive/c_multi_cryptorchidism
[2] https://www.petplace.com/article/dogs/pet-health/hermaphrodite-and-pseudohermaphrodite-in-dogs/
[3] https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Developmental-uterine-anomalies-in-cats-and-dogs-McIntyre-Levy/9cd6178e661048394d256d548de56495d0899058
[4] https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-feline-medicine-and-surgery-open-reports/volume-3/issue-2/2055116917743614/Uterus-unicornis-and-pregnancy-in-two-feline-littermates/10.1177/2055116917743614.full#:~:text=Uterus%20unicornis%2C%20reproductive%20tract%2C%20Cat%202.%20Left%20uterine,vascularized%20loose%20connective%20tissue.%20Detachment%20occurred%20during%20surgery.
]]>Removal of the ovaries may protect the female dog against mammary tumors, uterine infections and tumors (for OVH), mastitis (breast infection), transmissible venereal sarcoma, ovarian diseases (cancer, cysts, and infections), and chronic endometritis (inflammation of the uterine wall). However, a literature review on the connection between spaying and mammary tumors showed most studies had a high risk of bias. Of the four studies with only a moderate risk of bias, two found neutering to protect against mammary cancer and two found no association.
A Swedish study showed breed predisposition for mammary cancer and pyometra. Most dogs in Sweden are not spayed or neutered. Of 260,000 dogs, 20,423 were diagnosed with pyometra and 11,758 were diagnosed with mammary tumors. The top ten breeds diagnosed were the Leonberger, Irish Wolfhound, Bernese Mountain Dog, Great Dane, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Rottweiler, Bullterrier, Doberman, Bouvier, and Airdale. Breed variations in incidence rate suggests genetic components in disease development.
A Norwegian study (where dogs are largely left intact) showed varying rates of mammary cancer development based on breed: 35.47 per 1,000 Boxer dogs, 3.87 per 1,000 in Bernese Mountain dogs, and 17.69 per 1,000 Bichon Frise` dogs. The mean age of mammary cancer development was 7 to 8 years.
Another Swedish study looked at the incidence of pyometra in five breeds with a high incidence of pyometra (Rottweiler, Collie, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, and German Shepherd). In the Rottweiler, Collie, and Labrador Retriever, previous pregnancy showed protection against developing pyometra later in life. There was no protective effect found in Golden Retrievers and intermediate protection in the German Shepherd.
Any surgery that removes the gonads (ovaries in females) changes the animal in both positive and negative ways. There is mounting evidence supporting long-term health complications associated with surgical sterilization that includes gonad (ovaries) removal. Gonads are not just sex/reproductive organs; they are necessary endocrine glands for normal metabolic, behavioral, musculoskeletal, and anti-neoplastic (tumor/cancer) health.
The risks/disadvantages associated with OVH and OVE include:
To reduce the risks associated with removing the ovaries, there are two recommended ovary-sparing sterilization procedures. As with any method, there are pros and cons.
1. Ovary Sparing Spay (OSS), also referred to as hysterectomy, removes the uterus and cervix, leaving one or both ovaries intact. This procedure eliminates the risk of pyometra and pregnancy, and it protects against some of the more serious cancers and immune-mediated diseases. This sterilization option is a wonderful option for those that want to eliminate the risk of pyometra, sterilize their pet, and keep hormones intact.The risks/disadvantages associated with OSS include:
"A commonly-stated advantage of neutering bitches is a significant reduction in the risk of mammary tumours, however the evidence for this has not previously been assessed by systematic review. The objectives of this study were to estimate the magnitude and strength of evidence for any effect of neutering, or age of neutering, on the risk of mammary tumours in bitches. A systematic review was conducted based on Cochrane guidelines. Peer-reviewed analytic journal articles in English were eligible and were assessed for risk of bias by two reviewers independently. Of 11,149 search results, 13 reports in English-language peer-reviewed journals addressed the association between neutering/age at neutering and mammary tumours. Nine were judged to have a high risk of bias. The remaining four were classified as having a moderate risk of bias. One study found an association between neutering and a reduced risk of mammary tumours. Two studies found no evidence of an association. One reported "some protective effect" of neutering on the risk of mammary tumours, but no numbers were presented. Due to the limited evidence available and the risk of bias in the published results, the evidence that neutering reduces the risk of mammary neoplasia, and the evidence that age at neutering has an effect, are judged to be weak and are not a sound basis for firm recommendations."
© 2012 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
The risks/disadvantages associated with tubal ligation include:
Should I leave my female dog intact?
There is always the option to leave a pet intact. I respect that this decision is the best choice for some dogs. When it comes to spay and neuter, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Pet owners need to look at the pet and their lifestyle when making the decision. The goal is always to eliminate the chance of unwanted pregnancy while mitigating the risks and disadvantages of a particular sterilization method. For example, if your female dog is a breed that is at higher risk for mammary cancer, removing the ovaries (OVE) may be the best choice. It is important for you and your veterinarian to discuss the risks and benefits for your dog, as well as proper management, to decide on the best plan for lifelong well-being.
]]>The risks/disadvantages associated with castration include:
Should I leave my male dog intact?
|
As with any procedure, there are risks associated with sterilization as well as leaving your male dog intact. Not all dogs have health problems after spaying or neutering. Unfortunately, in some dogs, neutering can greatly increase the chance of serious health problems. These risks depend on breed, age at the time of sterilization, size, sex and genetics. Pet owners should know the pros and cons of these procedures in the context of their own dog and discuss these options with their veterinarian.
]]>